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BET Agricultural Biotechnology Combo Packages
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5. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
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Combo - 3 (English)
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2. Question Bank - 2000 Questions with Answer.
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5. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
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Combo Package
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Combo - 4 (English) (old)
1. Online Mock Test Series in English = 12 Tests.
2. Question Bank - 1000 Questions with Answer.
3. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
4. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
2. Question Bank - 1000 Questions with Answer.
3. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
4. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
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BET Agricultural Biotechnology Syllabus 2026, Exam Pattern
BET Agricultural Biotechnology Syllabus 2026, Exam Pattern, Exam Date 2026
Detail Information about BET has published notification 2026 for the recruitment of Agricultural Biotechnology vacancies. Those Candidates who are Interested to the following vacancy and completed all Eligibility Criteria can read the Notification & Apply Online. In this page we provide the Complete Syllabus of this Recruitment with Latest Update Exam Pattern and the Exam Date also.
BET 2026 Syllabus: Highlights
BET Agricultural Biotechnology Syllabus 2026
General Aptitude:
1. General Science
2. Mathematics
3. Chemistry
4. General aptitude
5. Analytical Ability
6. Quantitative ability
General Biotechnology:-
1) Biomolecular structure and function :
a) Covalent structure of Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
b) Forces that stabilize biomolecules: electrostatic and van der Waal‟s interaction, hydrogen bonding. Interactions with solvents, Hydrophobic effect.
c) Protein Structure: Structural characteristics of -helix, -sheet and -turn. Ramachandran plot. Protein domains and domain architecture. Quaternary structure of proteins.
d) Conformation of Nucleic acids: Structural characteristics of A, B and Z-DNA. 3D structure of t-RNA, ribozymes and riboswitches
e) Basic Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics. Concepts of ∆G, ∆H and ∆S.
f) Physical properties of water and their role in biology. Concepts of pH, ionic strength and buffers.
g) Chemical kinetics: Concepts of order and molecularity of a chemical reaction. Derivation of first and second order rate equation, measurement of rate constants. Concept of activation energy.
h) Enzymology: Introduction to enzymes. Types of enzymatic reaction mechanisms, Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Competitive, Non-competitive and Un-competitive inhibition. Bi-substrate reaction kinetics. Allostery.
2) Methods in Biotechnology :
a) Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements. Concept of signal to noise ratio.
b) Biostatistics: Measures of Central Tendency. Fundamental ideas of probability and probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions. Concept of the Central Limit Theorem. Hypothesis testing: Use of Student‟s t and tests. Correlation and regression. Basic concepts of design of Experiments.
c) Biochemical Methods: Chromatography: Ion exchange, Gel Filtration and Affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis: Native and SDS-PAGE. Isoelectric focusing. 2DPAGE and its applications.
d) UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Beer-Lambert‟s law and its use in determination of
protein/ nucleic acid concentration.
e) Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Basic concepts of excitation and emission. Quenching, Stern-Volmer Plots. Theory and applications of FRET and fluorescence lifetime measurements.
f) Fundamentals of CD, IR and Raman spectroscopy and their use in the study of biomolecular conformation.
g) Centrifugation: Basic concepts of centrifugation. Calculation of g value from RPM. Density gradient centrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and Sedimentation equilibrium. Separation of sub-cellular components and macromolecules using high speed and ultracentrifugation.
h) Microscopy: Bright field, phase contrast, fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy.
i) Fundamentals of X-ray, NMR and cryo-electron microscopy for determination of biomolecular structure.
3) Organization of structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
a) Cell wall and Cell Membrane: physical structure of model membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, other constituents; diffusion, osmosis, active transport, regulation of intracellular transport and electrical properties
b) Structural organization and functions of cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Chloroplast, peroxisomes, vacuoles. Cytoskeletons structure and motility function.
c) Organization of genomes: genes and chromosomes, Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons.
d) Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, Cell cycle and its regulation, Apoptosis, Necrosis and Autophagy.
e) Cell transformation and cancer, oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, metastasis. Therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.
4) Cellular processes :
a) DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination).
b) Transcription of various types of RNAs and their processing and modifications. Transcription factors and machinery including RNA polymerases, formation of initiation complex, elongation and termination of transcription. Regulation of transcription: activators (enhancers) and repressors, Locus control regions. Structure and function of different types of RNA and mRNPs. RNA transport, localization and function.
c) Protein synthesis, processing and transport of proteins: Ribosome, mRNA structure, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. Mechanism of translation: Initiation, elongation and termination factors and translational proof-reading. Regulation of Translation- global vs mRNA-specific. Translation inhibitors, Posttranslational modifications of proteins. Protein trafficking and transport.
d) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of gene expression in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, role of chromatin, chromatin remodelling and gene silencing, Epigenetic regulation.
e) Host-pathogen interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses and protozoans into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.
f) Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through Gprotein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.
g) Cellular communication: General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, tight junctions, communicating junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. Regulation of hematopoiesis, differentiation and development.
h) Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules. generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cellmediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines.
5) Recombinant DNA Technology :
a) Enzymes used in Recombinant DNA technology.
b) Isolation and purification of DNA (genomic and plasmid) and RNA. Various methods of separation, characterization of nucleic acids including Southern and Northern hybridizations.
c) Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors and their purification. Western blotting.
d) Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries. Plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms.
e) Isolation and amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences, PCR, RT PCR and qRT PCR
f) DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing.
g) Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques.
h) Analysis of DNA polymorphism: RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.
i) Biosafety regulations and IPR.
6. Genetics, Phylogeny & Evolution
a) Chromosomal inheritance: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, linkage and cross-over, sex-linked inheritance, Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
b) Extrachromosomal inheritance: Maternal inheritance (mitochondria and chloroplast)
c) Gene concept: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoalleles.
d) Genetic analysis: Linkage maps, mapping with molecular markers, tetrad analysis, gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, conjugation, transduction, sex-duction, fine structure analysis of gene.
e) Mutation: Spontaneous, induced, lethal, conditional, reversion, mutagenic suppression, germinal and somatic mutation, insertion, deletion, duplication, translocation, transposition, ploidy.
f) DNA finger printing and its applications, DNA bar coding, marker assisted selection and QTL mapping.
g) Species concept in archaea, bacteria and eukarya.
h) Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary relationship among taxa, MLST.
7. Genomics and Proteomics :
a) Introduction to Genomics: Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes - nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes; Computational analysis of sequences- finding genes and regulatory regions; Gene annotation; Similarity searches; Pairwise and multiple alignments; Alignment statistics; Prediction of gene function using homology, context, structures, networks; Genetic variationpolymorphism, deleterious mutation; Phylogenetics; Tools for genome analysis– PCR, RFLP, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, Automated DNA sequencing; Linkage and pedigree analysis; Construction of genetic maps; Physical maps, FISH to identify chromosome landmarks.
b) Genome sequencing: Human genome project-landmarks on chromosomes generated by various mapping methods; BAC libraries and shotgun libraries preparation; Physical map-cytogenetic map, contig map, restriction map, DNA sequence; DNA sequencing and sequence assembly; Model organisms and other genome projects; Comparative genomics of relevant organisms such as pathogens and non-pathogens; Evolution of a pathogen. Taxonomic classification of organisms using molecular markers -16S rRNA typing/sequencing.
c) DNA Microarray technology: Basic principles and design: cDNA and oligonucleotide arrays; Applications: Global gene expression analysis, Comparative transcriptomics, Differential gene expression; Genotyping/SNP detection; Detection technology; Computational analysis of microarray data.
d) Proteomics: Outline of a typical proteomics experiment; Identification and analysis of proteins by 2D analysis; Spot visualization and picking; Tryptic digestion of protein and peptide fingerprinting; Mass spectrometry; ion source (MALDI, spray sources); analyzer (ToF, quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap) and detector; clinical proteomics and disease biomarkers; Prions; proteins in disease; Protein-protein interactions: Solid phase ELISA, pull-down assays (using GST-tagged protein), far western analysis, by surface plasmon resonance technique, Yeast two hybrid system, Phage display; Protein interaction maps; Protein arrays-definition, applications- diagnostics, expression profiling.
8. IPR, Biosafety & Bioethics :
a) Types of IP: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Industrial Design, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of New GMOs; International framework for the protection of IP. IP as a factor in R&D; IPs of relevance to Biotechnology and few Case Studies; Introduction to History of GATT, WTO, WIPO and TRIPS
b) Invention in context of “prior art”; Patent databases; Searching International Databases; Country-wise patent searches (USPTO, EPO, India etc.); Analysis and report formation
c) Types of patents; Indian Patent Act 1970; Recent Amendments; Filing of a patent application; Precautions before patenting-disclosure/non-disclosure; WIPO Treaties;
Budapest Treaty; PCT and Implications; Role of a Country Patent Office; Procedure for filing a PCT application
d) Patent application- forms and guidelines, fee structure, time frames; Types of patent applications: provisional and complete specifications; PCT and convention patent applications; International patenting-requirement, procedures and costs; Financial assistance for patenting-introduction to existing schemes; Publication of patents-gazette of India, status in Europe and US Patenting by research students, lecturers and scientistsUniversity/organizational rules in India and abroad, credit sharing by workers, financial incentives, Patent infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies and examples.
e) Biosafety: Introduction; Historical Background; Introduction to Biological Safety Cabinets; Primary Containment for Biohazards; Biosafety Levels; Biosafety Levels of Specific Microorganisms; Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents and Infected Animals; Biosafety guidelines - Government of India; Definition of GMOs & LMOs; Roles of Institutional Biosafety Committee, RCGM, GEAC etc. for GMO applications in food and agriculture; Environmental release of GMOs; Risk Analysis; Risk Assessment; Risk management and communication; Overview of National Regulations and relevant International Agreements including Cartagena Protocol.
f) Bioethics: Concepts; Philosophical considerations; Epistemology of Science; Ethical Terms; Principles & Theories; Relevance to Biotechnology; Ethics and the Law Issues: Genetic Engineering, Stem Cells, Cloning, Medical techniques, Trans-humanism, Bioweapons; Research concerns - Animal Rights, Ethics of Human Cloning, Reproduction and Stem Cell Research; Emerging issues: Biotechnology‟s Impact on Society; DNA on the Witness Stand - Use of genetic evidence in civil and criminal court cases; Challenges to Public Policy – To Regulate or Not to Regulate; Improving public understanding of biotechnology products to correct misconceptions.
Part B: Specialized Branches in Biotechnology :-
Agricultural Biotechnology:
1. Plant Biology, physiology, molecular biology and seed technology :
a) Plant cell structure and function, phloem transport, plant storage proteins and protein biosynthesis, natural pesticides. Concept of plasticity in plant development; Analyzing plant growth; Seed Germination and Seedling Growth; Tropisms.
b) Hormonal control of seed germination and seedling growth. Floral Induction and Development; Photoperiodism and its significance; Vernalization and hormonal control; Inflorescence and floral determination; Molecular genetics of floral development and floral organ differentiation
c) Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Respiration and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway, Carbon Assimilation
d) Nitrogen Fixation and regulation, Role of lectins; Nod factors; nif genes; Nitrogenases; Leghaemoglobin, Nodulins; Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.
e) Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Hormonal and environmental control of senescence; PCD in the life cycle of plants. Biosynthesis and structure and molecular mechanisms of plant hormones. Signal Transduction – Basic concepts; Phospholipid and Ca2+-calmodulin cascade; MAP kinase cascade.
f) Light Control of Plant Development: Molecular mechanisms of light perception, signal transduction and gene regulation; Biological clocks. Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement.
g) Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation – uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil.
h) Plant microbe interaction: Molecular biology of Agrobacterium Infection, Molecular biology of Rhizobium infection (molecular mechanisms in symbiosis). Arabidopsis in molecular biology, Forward and Reverse Genetic Approaches, RNA interference, Transcriptional gene silencing, Gene traps/ T-DNA and transposable element insertion / activation lines.
i) Seed science and technology: seed processing, seed treatments, Seed storage, Seed sanitation and certification
2. Tissue Culture, Transgenic Technologies and Biotechnology :
a) Totipotency; Tissue culture media; Plant hormones and morphogenesis; embryogenesis; Cell suspension culture; Micropropagation – shoot tip culture, somatic embryos, artificial seeds; Applications of tissue culture; shoot tip culture; Wide hybridization, Anther culture and dihaploids.
b) Production of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites; Protoplast isolation and purification; Protoplast culture; Protoplast fusion; Somatic hybrids; Cybrids.
c) Direct transformation of protoplasts using PEG; electroporation; Transformation by particle bombardment; Chloroplast transformation. Ti plasmid-based transformation; Ti and Ri plasmids, T-DNA genes, borders, Ti plasmid virulence genes and their functions, Monocot transformation, binary vector; Floral dip transformation; Targeted gene delivery and methods of detection
d) Promoters, Plant selectable markers; Reporter genes; Selectable marker elimination; Transgene silencing and strategies to avoid transgene silencing.
e) Genetic engineering of crops; Codon optimization in the expression of genes in plants, Commercial status of transgenic plants; Herbicide resistance, glyphosate,
sulfonyl urea, phosphinothricin, atrazine; Pest resistance, Bt toxin; Protease inhibitor; GNA and other lectins; a-amylase inhibitor; nematode resistance; Genetic engineering for male sterility-Barnase-Barstar; Delay of fruit ripening; polygalacturanase, ACC synthase, ACC oxidase; Improved seed storage proteins; Improving and altering the composition of starch and plant oils; Golden rice for ß-carotene accumulation; Production of antibodies and pharmaceuticals in plants.
f) Biofuels, Bacillus thuringiensis: molecular basis of insecticidal activity. Agriculturally important microorganisms and their application. Environmental pollution, Bioremediation, Biodiversity and conservation
3. Molecular Breeding and Genomics :
a) Principles of plant breeding, breeding for self and cross pollinated crops. Heterosis breeding limitations of conventional breeding.
b) Molecular markers: Restriction based and PCR based; DNA profiling using different assays- RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR, SNP etc. Development of SCAR and SSR markers.
c) Gene flow in plants: Development of mapping population - Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), screening and validation; Trait related markers and characterization of genes involved; Mapping genes on specific chromosomes; QTL mapping; Gene pyramiding.
d) Development of ESTs. Molecular markers for plant genotyping and germplasm analysis; Fidelity analysis; settling IPR issues.
e) Marker Assisted Breeding for various traits, Foreground and background selection, gene introgression and pyramiding, Non-gel based techniques for plant genotyping.
f) Genome organization, Structural and Functional genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Nutrigenomics, interactomics, Metagenomics
4. Abiotic and Biotic Stress Biology :
a) Abiotic stress: Acclimation and crop adaptation to water, salinity, photo oxidative, heavy metal, heat and cold, nutrient stress. Metabolite engineering for abiotic stress tolerance, Functional genomics of stress tolerance. Induced systemic tolerance.
b) Biotic stress: Plant response to pathogens and herbivores, biochemical and molecular basis of host plant resistance , toxins of fungi and bacteria, systemic and induced resistance, pathogen derived resistance, signaling - gene for gene hypothesis, genetic engineering for biotic stress resistance, gene pyramiding. Induced systemic resistance, systemic acquired resistance.
5. Biodiversity :
a) Biodiversity Act 2002; Agricultural biodiversity; International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA); Conservation strategies for seed gene bank; Climate change and conservation of plant genetic resources; Global efforts for management of crop genetic resources; Strategies on PVFR and Biodiversity Acts.
b) Biodiversity Legislation in India; Indian Biodiversity Act and provisions on crop genetic resources.
c) Impact of GE crops on Biodiversity. Functions of International union for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV); International treaties relating to Biodiversity.
BET Agricultural Biotechnology Exam Pattern 2026
Medium of Exam : English
Duration : 180 Minutes
Negative Marking : 01
BET Exam Date 2026 : 17th May 2026
Starting Date of Application Form : 19th March 2026
Last Date of Application Form : 09th April 2026
BET 2026 Syllabus: Highlights
| Exam Name | Biotechnology Eligibility Test (BET) 2026 |
| Department | Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India, through nodal agency, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad |
| Conducting Body | National Testing Agency (NTA) |
| Application Mode | Online |
| Category | Syllabus and Exam Pattern |
| DBT BET 2026 Exam Date | 17th May 2026 |
| Mode of Exam | Offline (Pen-and-Paper Based) |
| Medium of Exam | English only |
| Official Website | https://www.dbtjrf.gov.in/ |
BET Agricultural Biotechnology Syllabus 2026
General Aptitude:
1. General Science
2. Mathematics
3. Chemistry
4. General aptitude
5. Analytical Ability
6. Quantitative ability
General Biotechnology:-
1) Biomolecular structure and function :
a) Covalent structure of Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
b) Forces that stabilize biomolecules: electrostatic and van der Waal‟s interaction, hydrogen bonding. Interactions with solvents, Hydrophobic effect.
c) Protein Structure: Structural characteristics of -helix, -sheet and -turn. Ramachandran plot. Protein domains and domain architecture. Quaternary structure of proteins.
d) Conformation of Nucleic acids: Structural characteristics of A, B and Z-DNA. 3D structure of t-RNA, ribozymes and riboswitches
e) Basic Thermodynamics: Laws of thermodynamics. Concepts of ∆G, ∆H and ∆S.
f) Physical properties of water and their role in biology. Concepts of pH, ionic strength and buffers.
g) Chemical kinetics: Concepts of order and molecularity of a chemical reaction. Derivation of first and second order rate equation, measurement of rate constants. Concept of activation energy.
h) Enzymology: Introduction to enzymes. Types of enzymatic reaction mechanisms, Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Competitive, Non-competitive and Un-competitive inhibition. Bi-substrate reaction kinetics. Allostery.
2) Methods in Biotechnology :
a) Concepts of precision and accuracy in experimental measurements. Concept of signal to noise ratio.
b) Biostatistics: Measures of Central Tendency. Fundamental ideas of probability and probability distributions: Binomial, Poisson and Gaussian distributions. Concept of the Central Limit Theorem. Hypothesis testing: Use of Student‟s t and tests. Correlation and regression. Basic concepts of design of Experiments.
c) Biochemical Methods: Chromatography: Ion exchange, Gel Filtration and Affinity chromatography. Electrophoresis: Native and SDS-PAGE. Isoelectric focusing. 2DPAGE and its applications.
d) UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Beer-Lambert‟s law and its use in determination of
protein/ nucleic acid concentration.
e) Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Basic concepts of excitation and emission. Quenching, Stern-Volmer Plots. Theory and applications of FRET and fluorescence lifetime measurements.
f) Fundamentals of CD, IR and Raman spectroscopy and their use in the study of biomolecular conformation.
g) Centrifugation: Basic concepts of centrifugation. Calculation of g value from RPM. Density gradient centrifugation. Sedimentation velocity and Sedimentation equilibrium. Separation of sub-cellular components and macromolecules using high speed and ultracentrifugation.
h) Microscopy: Bright field, phase contrast, fluorescence, confocal, and electron microscopy.
i) Fundamentals of X-ray, NMR and cryo-electron microscopy for determination of biomolecular structure.
3) Organization of structure and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
a) Cell wall and Cell Membrane: physical structure of model membranes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins, other constituents; diffusion, osmosis, active transport, regulation of intracellular transport and electrical properties
b) Structural organization and functions of cell organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Chloroplast, peroxisomes, vacuoles. Cytoskeletons structure and motility function.
c) Organization of genomes: genes and chromosomes, Operon, unique and repetitive DNA, interrupted genes, gene families, structure of chromatin and chromosomes, heterochromatin, euchromatin, transposons.
d) Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, Cell cycle and its regulation, Apoptosis, Necrosis and Autophagy.
e) Cell transformation and cancer, oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, metastasis. Therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.
4) Cellular processes :
a) DNA replication, repair and recombination (Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and repair mechanisms, homologous and site-specific recombination).
b) Transcription of various types of RNAs and their processing and modifications. Transcription factors and machinery including RNA polymerases, formation of initiation complex, elongation and termination of transcription. Regulation of transcription: activators (enhancers) and repressors, Locus control regions. Structure and function of different types of RNA and mRNPs. RNA transport, localization and function.
c) Protein synthesis, processing and transport of proteins: Ribosome, mRNA structure, genetic code, aminoacylation of tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. Mechanism of translation: Initiation, elongation and termination factors and translational proof-reading. Regulation of Translation- global vs mRNA-specific. Translation inhibitors, Posttranslational modifications of proteins. Protein trafficking and transport.
d) Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of gene expression in viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, role of chromatin, chromatin remodelling and gene silencing, Epigenetic regulation.
e) Host-pathogen interaction: Recognition and entry processes of different pathogens like bacteria, viruses and protozoans into animal and plant host cells, alteration of host cell behavior by pathogens, virus-induced cell transformation, pathogen-induced diseases in animals and plants, cell-cell fusion in both normal and abnormal cells.
f) Cell signaling: Hormones and their receptors, cell surface receptor, signaling through Gprotein coupled receptors, signal transduction pathways, second messengers, regulation of signaling pathways, bacterial and plant two-component systems, light signaling in plants, bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.
g) Cellular communication: General principles of cell communication, cell adhesion and roles of different adhesion molecules, tight junctions, communicating junctions, extracellular matrix, integrins, neurotransmission and its regulation. Regulation of hematopoiesis, differentiation and development.
h) Innate and adaptive immune system: Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antigenicity and immunogenicity. B and T cell epitopes, structure and function of antibody molecules. generation of antibody diversity, monoclonal antibodies, antibody engineering, antigen-antibody interactions, MHC molecules, antigen processing and presentation, activation and differentiation of B and T cells, B and T cell receptors, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, primary and secondary immune modulation, the complement system, Toll-like receptors, cellmediated effector functions, inflammation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity, immune response during bacterial (tuberculosis), parasitic (malaria) and viral (HIV) infections, congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies, vaccines.
5) Recombinant DNA Technology :
a) Enzymes used in Recombinant DNA technology.
b) Isolation and purification of DNA (genomic and plasmid) and RNA. Various methods of separation, characterization of nucleic acids including Southern and Northern hybridizations.
c) Molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems. Expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors and their purification. Western blotting.
d) Generation of genomic and cDNA libraries. Plasmid, phage, cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors. In vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms.
e) Isolation and amplification of specific nucleic acid sequences, PCR, RT PCR and qRT PCR
f) DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome sequencing.
g) Methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale expression, such as micro array based techniques.
h) Analysis of DNA polymorphism: RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.
i) Biosafety regulations and IPR.
6. Genetics, Phylogeny & Evolution
a) Chromosomal inheritance: Principles of Mendelian inheritance, codominance, incomplete dominance, gene interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, linkage and cross-over, sex-linked inheritance, Population Genetics and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
b) Extrachromosomal inheritance: Maternal inheritance (mitochondria and chloroplast)
c) Gene concept: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoalleles.
d) Genetic analysis: Linkage maps, mapping with molecular markers, tetrad analysis, gene transfer in bacteria: transformation, conjugation, transduction, sex-duction, fine structure analysis of gene.
e) Mutation: Spontaneous, induced, lethal, conditional, reversion, mutagenic suppression, germinal and somatic mutation, insertion, deletion, duplication, translocation, transposition, ploidy.
f) DNA finger printing and its applications, DNA bar coding, marker assisted selection and QTL mapping.
g) Species concept in archaea, bacteria and eukarya.
h) Phylogenetic analysis and evolutionary relationship among taxa, MLST.
7. Genomics and Proteomics :
a) Introduction to Genomics: Structure and organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes - nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes; Computational analysis of sequences- finding genes and regulatory regions; Gene annotation; Similarity searches; Pairwise and multiple alignments; Alignment statistics; Prediction of gene function using homology, context, structures, networks; Genetic variationpolymorphism, deleterious mutation; Phylogenetics; Tools for genome analysis– PCR, RFLP, DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, Automated DNA sequencing; Linkage and pedigree analysis; Construction of genetic maps; Physical maps, FISH to identify chromosome landmarks.
b) Genome sequencing: Human genome project-landmarks on chromosomes generated by various mapping methods; BAC libraries and shotgun libraries preparation; Physical map-cytogenetic map, contig map, restriction map, DNA sequence; DNA sequencing and sequence assembly; Model organisms and other genome projects; Comparative genomics of relevant organisms such as pathogens and non-pathogens; Evolution of a pathogen. Taxonomic classification of organisms using molecular markers -16S rRNA typing/sequencing.
c) DNA Microarray technology: Basic principles and design: cDNA and oligonucleotide arrays; Applications: Global gene expression analysis, Comparative transcriptomics, Differential gene expression; Genotyping/SNP detection; Detection technology; Computational analysis of microarray data.
d) Proteomics: Outline of a typical proteomics experiment; Identification and analysis of proteins by 2D analysis; Spot visualization and picking; Tryptic digestion of protein and peptide fingerprinting; Mass spectrometry; ion source (MALDI, spray sources); analyzer (ToF, quadrupole, quadrupole ion trap) and detector; clinical proteomics and disease biomarkers; Prions; proteins in disease; Protein-protein interactions: Solid phase ELISA, pull-down assays (using GST-tagged protein), far western analysis, by surface plasmon resonance technique, Yeast two hybrid system, Phage display; Protein interaction maps; Protein arrays-definition, applications- diagnostics, expression profiling.
8. IPR, Biosafety & Bioethics :
a) Types of IP: Patents, Trademarks, Copyright & Related Rights, Industrial Design, Traditional Knowledge, Geographical Indications, Protection of New GMOs; International framework for the protection of IP. IP as a factor in R&D; IPs of relevance to Biotechnology and few Case Studies; Introduction to History of GATT, WTO, WIPO and TRIPS
b) Invention in context of “prior art”; Patent databases; Searching International Databases; Country-wise patent searches (USPTO, EPO, India etc.); Analysis and report formation
c) Types of patents; Indian Patent Act 1970; Recent Amendments; Filing of a patent application; Precautions before patenting-disclosure/non-disclosure; WIPO Treaties;
Budapest Treaty; PCT and Implications; Role of a Country Patent Office; Procedure for filing a PCT application
d) Patent application- forms and guidelines, fee structure, time frames; Types of patent applications: provisional and complete specifications; PCT and convention patent applications; International patenting-requirement, procedures and costs; Financial assistance for patenting-introduction to existing schemes; Publication of patents-gazette of India, status in Europe and US Patenting by research students, lecturers and scientistsUniversity/organizational rules in India and abroad, credit sharing by workers, financial incentives, Patent infringement- meaning, scope, litigation, case studies and examples.
e) Biosafety: Introduction; Historical Background; Introduction to Biological Safety Cabinets; Primary Containment for Biohazards; Biosafety Levels; Biosafety Levels of Specific Microorganisms; Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents and Infected Animals; Biosafety guidelines - Government of India; Definition of GMOs & LMOs; Roles of Institutional Biosafety Committee, RCGM, GEAC etc. for GMO applications in food and agriculture; Environmental release of GMOs; Risk Analysis; Risk Assessment; Risk management and communication; Overview of National Regulations and relevant International Agreements including Cartagena Protocol.
f) Bioethics: Concepts; Philosophical considerations; Epistemology of Science; Ethical Terms; Principles & Theories; Relevance to Biotechnology; Ethics and the Law Issues: Genetic Engineering, Stem Cells, Cloning, Medical techniques, Trans-humanism, Bioweapons; Research concerns - Animal Rights, Ethics of Human Cloning, Reproduction and Stem Cell Research; Emerging issues: Biotechnology‟s Impact on Society; DNA on the Witness Stand - Use of genetic evidence in civil and criminal court cases; Challenges to Public Policy – To Regulate or Not to Regulate; Improving public understanding of biotechnology products to correct misconceptions.
Part B: Specialized Branches in Biotechnology :-
Agricultural Biotechnology:
1. Plant Biology, physiology, molecular biology and seed technology :
a) Plant cell structure and function, phloem transport, plant storage proteins and protein biosynthesis, natural pesticides. Concept of plasticity in plant development; Analyzing plant growth; Seed Germination and Seedling Growth; Tropisms.
b) Hormonal control of seed germination and seedling growth. Floral Induction and Development; Photoperiodism and its significance; Vernalization and hormonal control; Inflorescence and floral determination; Molecular genetics of floral development and floral organ differentiation
c) Photosynthesis - Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport; C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Respiration and photorespiration – Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photorespiratory pathway, Carbon Assimilation
d) Nitrogen Fixation and regulation, Role of lectins; Nod factors; nif genes; Nitrogenases; Leghaemoglobin, Nodulins; Nitrogen metabolism - Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis.
e) Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Hormonal and environmental control of senescence; PCD in the life cycle of plants. Biosynthesis and structure and molecular mechanisms of plant hormones. Signal Transduction – Basic concepts; Phospholipid and Ca2+-calmodulin cascade; MAP kinase cascade.
f) Light Control of Plant Development: Molecular mechanisms of light perception, signal transduction and gene regulation; Biological clocks. Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes, cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement.
g) Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation – uptake, transport and translocation of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil.
h) Plant microbe interaction: Molecular biology of Agrobacterium Infection, Molecular biology of Rhizobium infection (molecular mechanisms in symbiosis). Arabidopsis in molecular biology, Forward and Reverse Genetic Approaches, RNA interference, Transcriptional gene silencing, Gene traps/ T-DNA and transposable element insertion / activation lines.
i) Seed science and technology: seed processing, seed treatments, Seed storage, Seed sanitation and certification
2. Tissue Culture, Transgenic Technologies and Biotechnology :
a) Totipotency; Tissue culture media; Plant hormones and morphogenesis; embryogenesis; Cell suspension culture; Micropropagation – shoot tip culture, somatic embryos, artificial seeds; Applications of tissue culture; shoot tip culture; Wide hybridization, Anther culture and dihaploids.
b) Production of alkaloids and other secondary metabolites; Protoplast isolation and purification; Protoplast culture; Protoplast fusion; Somatic hybrids; Cybrids.
c) Direct transformation of protoplasts using PEG; electroporation; Transformation by particle bombardment; Chloroplast transformation. Ti plasmid-based transformation; Ti and Ri plasmids, T-DNA genes, borders, Ti plasmid virulence genes and their functions, Monocot transformation, binary vector; Floral dip transformation; Targeted gene delivery and methods of detection
d) Promoters, Plant selectable markers; Reporter genes; Selectable marker elimination; Transgene silencing and strategies to avoid transgene silencing.
e) Genetic engineering of crops; Codon optimization in the expression of genes in plants, Commercial status of transgenic plants; Herbicide resistance, glyphosate,
sulfonyl urea, phosphinothricin, atrazine; Pest resistance, Bt toxin; Protease inhibitor; GNA and other lectins; a-amylase inhibitor; nematode resistance; Genetic engineering for male sterility-Barnase-Barstar; Delay of fruit ripening; polygalacturanase, ACC synthase, ACC oxidase; Improved seed storage proteins; Improving and altering the composition of starch and plant oils; Golden rice for ß-carotene accumulation; Production of antibodies and pharmaceuticals in plants.
f) Biofuels, Bacillus thuringiensis: molecular basis of insecticidal activity. Agriculturally important microorganisms and their application. Environmental pollution, Bioremediation, Biodiversity and conservation
3. Molecular Breeding and Genomics :
a) Principles of plant breeding, breeding for self and cross pollinated crops. Heterosis breeding limitations of conventional breeding.
b) Molecular markers: Restriction based and PCR based; DNA profiling using different assays- RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, ISSR, SNP etc. Development of SCAR and SSR markers.
c) Gene flow in plants: Development of mapping population - Marker Assisted Selection (MAS), screening and validation; Trait related markers and characterization of genes involved; Mapping genes on specific chromosomes; QTL mapping; Gene pyramiding.
d) Development of ESTs. Molecular markers for plant genotyping and germplasm analysis; Fidelity analysis; settling IPR issues.
e) Marker Assisted Breeding for various traits, Foreground and background selection, gene introgression and pyramiding, Non-gel based techniques for plant genotyping.
f) Genome organization, Structural and Functional genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics, Nutrigenomics, interactomics, Metagenomics
4. Abiotic and Biotic Stress Biology :
a) Abiotic stress: Acclimation and crop adaptation to water, salinity, photo oxidative, heavy metal, heat and cold, nutrient stress. Metabolite engineering for abiotic stress tolerance, Functional genomics of stress tolerance. Induced systemic tolerance.
b) Biotic stress: Plant response to pathogens and herbivores, biochemical and molecular basis of host plant resistance , toxins of fungi and bacteria, systemic and induced resistance, pathogen derived resistance, signaling - gene for gene hypothesis, genetic engineering for biotic stress resistance, gene pyramiding. Induced systemic resistance, systemic acquired resistance.
5. Biodiversity :
a) Biodiversity Act 2002; Agricultural biodiversity; International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA); Conservation strategies for seed gene bank; Climate change and conservation of plant genetic resources; Global efforts for management of crop genetic resources; Strategies on PVFR and Biodiversity Acts.
b) Biodiversity Legislation in India; Indian Biodiversity Act and provisions on crop genetic resources.
c) Impact of GE crops on Biodiversity. Functions of International union for the protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV); International treaties relating to Biodiversity.
BET Agricultural Biotechnology Exam Pattern 2026
Medium of Exam : English
Duration : 180 Minutes
Negative Marking : 01
| S.No | Subject | No.of Question | Marks |
| Section A | Aptitude & General Biotechnology 50 (Attempt 50) | 50 | 150 |
| Section B | Specialized Branches in Biotechnology (Agricultural Biotechnology) 150 (Attempt any 50) |
50 | 150 |
| Total | 100 | 300 |
BET Exam Date 2026 : 17th May 2026
Starting Date of Application Form : 19th March 2026
Last Date of Application Form : 09th April 2026
FAQs
Bet Agricultural Biotechnology 2026 Exam Syllabus Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)
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