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NTA Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology Syllabus 2026, Exam Pattern
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NTA Graduate Aptitude Test Biotechnology Exam - English120 questions • 180 mins • 240 marks
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1. Online Mock Test Series in English = 10 Tests.
2. Question Bank - 1000 Questions with Answer.
3. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
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2. Question Bank - 1000 Questions with Answer.
3. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
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Combo - 2 (English)
1. Online Mock Test Series in English = 20 Tests.
2. Question Bank - 2000 Questions with Answer.
3. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
4. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
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3. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
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Combo - 3 (English)
1. Online Mock Test Series in English = 20 Tests.
2. Question Bank - 3000 Questions with Answer.
3. Printed Material 10 Mock Test Papers with OMR Sheet.
4. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
5. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
2. Question Bank - 3000 Questions with Answer.
3. Printed Material 10 Mock Test Papers with OMR Sheet.
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5. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
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NTA GAT B
Combo - 4 (English)
1. Online Mock Test Series in English = 20 Tests.
2. Question Bank - 3000 Questions with Answer.
3. Printed Material 10 Mock Test Papers with OMR Sheet.
4. EBook of NTA GAT B (1000 MCQ) PDF Format in English.
5. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
6. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
2. Question Bank - 3000 Questions with Answer.
3. Printed Material 10 Mock Test Papers with OMR Sheet.
4. EBook of NTA GAT B (1000 MCQ) PDF Format in English.
5. 1500 (+) Current Affairs MCQ with Answer PDF in English.
6. 1000 (+) GK MCQ with Answer PDF Book in English.
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NTA Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology Syllabus 2026, Exam Pattern
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NTA GAT B Syllabus 2026, Exam Pattern, Exam Date 2026
Detail Information about NTA has published notification 2026 for the recruitment of GAT Biotechnology vacancies. Those Candidates who are Interested to the following vacancy and completed all Eligibility Criteria can read the Notification & Apply Online. In this page we provide the Complete Syllabus of this Recruitment with Latest Update Exam Pattern and the Exam Date also.
NTA GAT B Syllabus 2026 - Overview
NTA Graduate Aptitude Test Biotechnology Syllabus 2026
PART- A: Part A will have 60 compulsory multiple choice questions of the level of 10+2 in the
subjects: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology.
Physics :
Unit-1: Mechanics
Unit -2: General Properties of Bulk matter
Unit -3: Heat & Thermodynamics
Unit -4: Oscillations and Waves
Unit -5: Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
Unit -6: Electromagnetic Theory
Unit -7: Electric circuit
Unit -8: Optics
Unit -9: Modern Physics
Unit -10: Electronics and communication
Chemistry :
Physical Chemistry :
Unit-1 Gaseous State
Van der Waals equation of state
Relationship between critical constants and Van der Waals constants
Root mean square
Average and most probable velocities
Unit-2 Solid State
Derivation of Bragg equation
Determination of crystal structure of NaCl, KCl and CsCl
Unit-3 Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
Concentration dependence of rates
Mathematical characteristics of zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life.
Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation
Expression for the rate constant based on equilibrium constant and
thermodynamics aspects.
Classification of catalysis
Unit-4 Colligative properties of dilute solutions
The thermodynamics derivations of Rault’s law relative lowering vapour pressure, osmotic pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point.
Unit-5 Thermodynamics
Calculation of w, q, dU & dH for the expansion of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabetic conditions for reversible process.
Hess’s Law of heat summation, Heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume.
Enthalpy of neutralization, Bond dissociation energy Gibbs function(G) and Helmholtz function (A) as thermodynamic quantities Variation of G and A with P, V and T.
Unit-6 Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium constant
Le Chatelier’s principle
Unit-7 Phase Equilibrium
Degree of freedom
Derivation of Gibbs phase rule, phase equlibria of one component system
– Water
Unit-8 Electrochemistry
Specific conductance and equivalent conductance
Measurement of equivalent conductance, variation of equivalent and
specific conductance with dilution.
Arrhenius theory of electrolyte dissociation
Ostwald’s dilution law
Nernst equation, derivation of cell E.M.F and single electrode potential
Calculation of thermodynamic quantities and cell reactions(ΔG, ΔH and K)
Inorganic Chemistry
Unit-1 Atomic Structure
Quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, d orbitals
Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund’s multiplicity rule
Electronic configuration of elements
Schrondinger wave equation, significance of wave function
Unit-2 Periodic properties
Atomic and ionic radii
Ionization energy
Electron affinity and electronegativity
Unit-3 Chemical Bonding
Various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory of NH3 , H3O+ ,SF4, ClF3
Homonuclear and heteronuclear (CO and NO) diatomic molecules
Radius ratio effect and coordination number
Lattice defects
Semiconductors
Fajan’s rule
Hydrogen bonding , Van der Waals forces
Unit-4 S, P Block Elements and noble gases
Comparative study , Salient features of hydrides of s block elements
Hydrides, oxides , oxyacids and halides of groups 13-16, hydrides of boron- diborane , borazine, fullerenes, fluorocarbons, Interhalogens.
Structure and bonding of xenon compounds.
Unit-5 Chemistry of Elements of Transition series
Coordination numbers and geometry of first transition series
Magnetic behaviour , spectral properties of second and third transition series.
Unit-6 Coordination compound
Isomerism coordination compound
Valence bond theory of transition metal complexes.
Chelates
Crystal field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes.
Types of magnetic behaviour of transition metal complexes.
Electronic spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6]3+ complex ion.
Unit-7 Acid and Bases
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry , Lewis concepts of acids and bases.
Unit-8 Environmental at bio inorganic chemistry
Ozone Depletion, Green house effect, Acid rain, smog
Haemoglobin, myoglobin and nitrogen fixation.
Organic Chemistry
Unit-1 Structure and Bonding
Hybridisation , bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy , localized and delocalized chemical bond, Van der Waals interactions.
Resonance, hyperconjugation, aromaticity, inductive and field effects, hydrogen bonding.
Unit-2 Mechanism of Organic Reactions
Types of organic reactions, Reagents- electophiles and necleophiles
Reactive intermediates- Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, arynes and nitrenes.
Unit-3 Stereochemistry
Molecular chirality, optical activity, enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centres, diastereomers, meso compounds.
D & L and R & S system of nomenclature
Geometrical isomerism in alicyclic compounds
Unit-4 Alkane and Cyclic molecules
IUPAC nomenclature , Isomerism and alkane , Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction , free radical halogenation of alkanes
Unit-5 Alkenes, Cycloalkenes and Dienes and Alkynes
Mechanism of dehydration of alcohols , dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, Saytzeff rule
Electrophilic and free radical additions
Markownikoff’s rule, hydroboration-oxidation, Epoxidation, ozonolysis , hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4 .
Substitution of allylic and vinylic positions of alkenes.
Polymerisation, Diels-Alder reaction.
Reaction of alkynes, Hydroboration-oxidation, metal -ammonia reductions, oxidation and polymerization.
Unit-6 Arenes and Aromaticity
Aromaticity and Huckel rule , Birch reduction
Unit-7 Alkyl and Aryl Halides
SN2 and SN1 reaction, The addition elimination and the elimination addition mechanisms of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Synthesis and uses of DDT and BHC.
Unit-8 Oxygen containing molecules
Classification and nomenclature of elements .
Methods of formation of monohydric alcohols and their reaction
Chemical reaction of vicinal glycols, oxidative cleavage [Pb(OAc)4 and HIO4] and pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
Comparative acidic strengths of alcohols and phenols.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution, acylation and carboxylation.
Fries rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Gatterman synthesis, Reimer-Tierman reaction.
Nomenclature of ethers and their formation.
Synthesis of aldehydes and ketones
Mechanism of nucleophilic additions to carbonyl group, benzoin, aldol, perkin and knoevenagel condensations, wittig reaction , mannich reaction.
Oxidation of aldehydes, Baeyer-villiger oxidation of ketones, Cannizzaro reaction, clemmensen, wolff-kishner, LialH4 and NaBH4 , Halogenation of enolizable ketones.
Preparation and reaction carboxylic acids and their derivatives, mechanism of decarboxylation, reduction of carboxylic acids.
Mechanism of esterification and hydrolysis
Unit-9 Organic compound and nitrogen
Structure and nomenclature of amines , separation and mixture of primary , secondary and tertiary amines , basicity of amines.
Reductive animation of aldehydic and ketonic compounds , Gabrielphthalimide reaction , Hofmann bromamide reaction.
Reaction of amines with nitrous acid , aryl diazonium salts and azo coupling.
Unit-10 Organometallic compounds
Grignard reagents-formation , structure and chemical reactions
Unit-11 Heterocyclic compounds
Pyrrole , furan thiophene and pyridine- methods of synthesis and chemical reaction , comparision of basicity
Preparation and reactions of indole, quinolone and isoquinoline – Fisher indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis
Unit-12 Bio molecules
Monosaccharides, osazone , Erythro and threo diastereomers, maltose, sucrose,lactose and starch
Acid-base behaviour of amino acids , constituents of nucleic acids, double helical structure of DNA.
Unit-13 Fat, Oils and Detergents
Glycerides, unsaturated oils , saponification value, iodine value, soap and synthetic detergents.
Unit-14 Synthetic Polymers and Dyes
Natural and synthetic rubbers , polyeters, polyamides , phenol formaldehyde resins, urea formaldehyde resins and Zeigler-Natta polymerization.
Chemistry and synthesis of methyl orange and phenolphthalein, Alizarin and indigo.
Mathematics :
1. Algebra
2. Number Theory
3. Calculus, Analytical Geometry of two and three dimensions
4. Real Analysis and Real functions
5. Ordinary Differential Equations
6. Partial Differential Equations
7. Abstract Algebra
8. Linear Algebra
9. Multivariate Calculus
10. Complex Analysis
11. Metric Space
12. Mechanics & Vectors
13. Numerical Methods
14. Linear Programming Problem
15. Attraction, Potential and Hydrostatics
16. Probability & Statistics
Biology :
1. Chemical Coordination
2. Genetics-Molecular Basis of Inheritance
3. Animal Morpho
4. Mineral Nutrients
5. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
6. Cell Division
7. Environmental Issues
8. pollutions and its after effects
9. Application of Biotechnology
10. Sensory System
11. Biomedical Technologies
12. Excretion, Movement and Locomotion, lungs and Respiration, Fungi and Food production-Plant Breeding.
PART-B SYLLABUS :-
Biology, Life Sciences, Biotechnology and Allied Areas :
Biomolecules-structure and functions; Biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes; Enzymes- classification, kinetics and mechanism of action; Basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids) photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain; Bioenergetics.
Viruses- structure and classification; Microbial classification and diversity(bacterial, algal and fungal); Methods in microbiology; Microbial growth and nutrition; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Nitrogen fixation; Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interaction.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell-Cell communication, Cell signaling and signal transduction.
Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; Mutations and mutagenesis; Nucleic acid replication, transcription, translation and their regulatory mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Horizontal gene transfer and Transposable elements; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair; Chromosomal variation;Molecular basis of genetic diseases
Principles of microscopy-light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; Centrifugation- high speed and ultra; Principles of spectroscopy-UV, visible, CD, IR, FTIR, Raman, MS,NMR; Principles of chromatography- ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, GC,HPLC, FPLC; Electrophoresis; Microarray.
History of Immunology; Innate, humoral and cell mediated immunity; Antigen; Antibody structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; Synthesis of antibody and secretion; Antigen-antibody reaction; Complement; Primary and secondary lymphoid organ; B and T cells and macrophages; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity; Autoimmunity; Graft versus host reaction.
Major bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); Data mining and analytical tools for genomic and proteomic studies; Molecular dynamics and simulations (basic concepts including force fields, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein- ligand interaction)
Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors; plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; mammalian and plant expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation, cloning and expression ; Transposons and gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing; Polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; Southern and northern blotting; In- situ hybridization; RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; Gene therapy.
Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and Cell suspension culture system: methodology, kinetics of growth and, nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures; Hairy root culture; transgenic plants; Plant products of industrial importance
Animal cell culture; media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth; Micro & macro-carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic animals.
Chemical engineering principles applied to biological system, Principle of reactor design ideal and non- ideal multiphase bioreactors, mass and heat transfer; Rheology of fermentation fluids, Aeration and agitation; Media formulation and optimization; Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Sterilization of air and media; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; Instrumentation control and optimization; Unit operations in solid-liquid separation and liquid-liquid extraction; Process scale-up, economics and feasibility analysis.
Engineering principle of bioprocessing - Upstream production and downstream; Bioprocess design and development from lab to industrial scale; Microbial, animal and plant cell culture platforms; Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites; Biofuels, Bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins; Industrial application of chromatographic and membrane based bio-separation methods; Immobilization of biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) for bioconversion processes; Bioremediation-Aerobic and anaerobic processes for stabilization of solid / liquid wastes
Tissue culture and its application, Micropropagation. Meristem culture and production of virus-free plants. Anther and microspore culture. Embryo and ovary culture. Protoplast isolation. Protoplast fusion-somatic hybrids, cybrids. Somaclones. Synthetic seeds. In vitro germplasm conservation. Cryopreservation. Organelle DNA, Satellite-and repetitive DNAs. DNA repair. Regulation of gene expression. Recombinant DNA technology-cloning vectors, restriction enzymes, gene cloning. Methods of gene transfer in plants. Achievements and recent developments of genetic engineering in agriculture. Development of transgenics for biotic & abiotic stress tolerance, bioethics, terminator technology, nanotechnology, DNA fingerprinting, gene silencing.
NTA Graduate Aptitude Test Biotechnology Exam Pattern 2026
Exam Date 2026 : Notified Soon
Starting Date of Application Form : Notified Soon
Last Date of Application Form : Notified Soon
NTA GAT B Syllabus 2026 - Overview
| Conducting Body | National Testing Agency (NTA) |
| Full Form | Graduate Aptitude Test-Biotechnology |
| Purpose | Admission to DBT-supported PG programmes (M.Sc., M.Tech., M.V.Sc.) |
| Application Mode | Online |
| Mode of Exam | Computer-Based Test (CBT) |
| Medium of Exam | English |
| Duration | 180 Minutes (3 Hours) |
| Total Questions | 160 (Attempt 120) |
| Total Marks | 240 |
| Sections | Section A (10+2 level) Section B (Graduate level) |
| Marking Scheme | Section A: +1, -0.5 Section B: +3, -1 |
| Benefit | Admission + Monthly stipend |
| Stipend/Fellowship | Rs. 5000-12000/month (PG courses) |
| Official Website | https://exams.nta.nic.in/gat-bet/ |
NTA Graduate Aptitude Test Biotechnology Syllabus 2026
PART- A: Part A will have 60 compulsory multiple choice questions of the level of 10+2 in the
subjects: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology.
Physics :
Unit-1: Mechanics
Unit -2: General Properties of Bulk matter
Unit -3: Heat & Thermodynamics
Unit -4: Oscillations and Waves
Unit -5: Electrostatics and Magnetostatics
Unit -6: Electromagnetic Theory
Unit -7: Electric circuit
Unit -8: Optics
Unit -9: Modern Physics
Unit -10: Electronics and communication
Chemistry :
Physical Chemistry :
Unit-1 Gaseous State
Van der Waals equation of state
Relationship between critical constants and Van der Waals constants
Root mean square
Average and most probable velocities
Unit-2 Solid State
Derivation of Bragg equation
Determination of crystal structure of NaCl, KCl and CsCl
Unit-3 Chemical Kinetics and Catalysis
Concentration dependence of rates
Mathematical characteristics of zero order, first order, second order, pseudo order, half life and mean life.
Effect of temperature on rate of reaction, Arrhenius equation
Expression for the rate constant based on equilibrium constant and
thermodynamics aspects.
Classification of catalysis
Unit-4 Colligative properties of dilute solutions
The thermodynamics derivations of Rault’s law relative lowering vapour pressure, osmotic pressure, elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point.
Unit-5 Thermodynamics
Calculation of w, q, dU & dH for the expansion of ideal gases under isothermal and adiabetic conditions for reversible process.
Hess’s Law of heat summation, Heat of reaction at constant pressure and at constant volume.
Enthalpy of neutralization, Bond dissociation energy Gibbs function(G) and Helmholtz function (A) as thermodynamic quantities Variation of G and A with P, V and T.
Unit-6 Chemical Equilibrium
Equilibrium constant
Le Chatelier’s principle
Unit-7 Phase Equilibrium
Degree of freedom
Derivation of Gibbs phase rule, phase equlibria of one component system
– Water
Unit-8 Electrochemistry
Specific conductance and equivalent conductance
Measurement of equivalent conductance, variation of equivalent and
specific conductance with dilution.
Arrhenius theory of electrolyte dissociation
Ostwald’s dilution law
Nernst equation, derivation of cell E.M.F and single electrode potential
Calculation of thermodynamic quantities and cell reactions(ΔG, ΔH and K)
Inorganic Chemistry
Unit-1 Atomic Structure
Quantum numbers, shapes of s, p, d orbitals
Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principles, Hund’s multiplicity rule
Electronic configuration of elements
Schrondinger wave equation, significance of wave function
Unit-2 Periodic properties
Atomic and ionic radii
Ionization energy
Electron affinity and electronegativity
Unit-3 Chemical Bonding
Various types of hybridization and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory of NH3 , H3O+ ,SF4, ClF3
Homonuclear and heteronuclear (CO and NO) diatomic molecules
Radius ratio effect and coordination number
Lattice defects
Semiconductors
Fajan’s rule
Hydrogen bonding , Van der Waals forces
Unit-4 S, P Block Elements and noble gases
Comparative study , Salient features of hydrides of s block elements
Hydrides, oxides , oxyacids and halides of groups 13-16, hydrides of boron- diborane , borazine, fullerenes, fluorocarbons, Interhalogens.
Structure and bonding of xenon compounds.
Unit-5 Chemistry of Elements of Transition series
Coordination numbers and geometry of first transition series
Magnetic behaviour , spectral properties of second and third transition series.
Unit-6 Coordination compound
Isomerism coordination compound
Valence bond theory of transition metal complexes.
Chelates
Crystal field splitting in octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes.
Types of magnetic behaviour of transition metal complexes.
Electronic spectrum of [Ti(H2O)6]3+ complex ion.
Unit-7 Acid and Bases
Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry , Lewis concepts of acids and bases.
Unit-8 Environmental at bio inorganic chemistry
Ozone Depletion, Green house effect, Acid rain, smog
Haemoglobin, myoglobin and nitrogen fixation.
Organic Chemistry
Unit-1 Structure and Bonding
Hybridisation , bond lengths and bond angles, bond energy , localized and delocalized chemical bond, Van der Waals interactions.
Resonance, hyperconjugation, aromaticity, inductive and field effects, hydrogen bonding.
Unit-2 Mechanism of Organic Reactions
Types of organic reactions, Reagents- electophiles and necleophiles
Reactive intermediates- Carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes, arynes and nitrenes.
Unit-3 Stereochemistry
Molecular chirality, optical activity, enantiomers, chiral and achiral molecules with two stereogenic centres, diastereomers, meso compounds.
D & L and R & S system of nomenclature
Geometrical isomerism in alicyclic compounds
Unit-4 Alkane and Cyclic molecules
IUPAC nomenclature , Isomerism and alkane , Wurtz reaction, Kolbe reaction , free radical halogenation of alkanes
Unit-5 Alkenes, Cycloalkenes and Dienes and Alkynes
Mechanism of dehydration of alcohols , dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides, Saytzeff rule
Electrophilic and free radical additions
Markownikoff’s rule, hydroboration-oxidation, Epoxidation, ozonolysis , hydration, hydroxylation and oxidation with KMnO4 .
Substitution of allylic and vinylic positions of alkenes.
Polymerisation, Diels-Alder reaction.
Reaction of alkynes, Hydroboration-oxidation, metal -ammonia reductions, oxidation and polymerization.
Unit-6 Arenes and Aromaticity
Aromaticity and Huckel rule , Birch reduction
Unit-7 Alkyl and Aryl Halides
SN2 and SN1 reaction, The addition elimination and the elimination addition mechanisms of nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions.
Synthesis and uses of DDT and BHC.
Unit-8 Oxygen containing molecules
Classification and nomenclature of elements .
Methods of formation of monohydric alcohols and their reaction
Chemical reaction of vicinal glycols, oxidative cleavage [Pb(OAc)4 and HIO4] and pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
Comparative acidic strengths of alcohols and phenols.
Electrophilic aromatic substitution, acylation and carboxylation.
Fries rearrangement, Claisen rearrangement, Gatterman synthesis, Reimer-Tierman reaction.
Nomenclature of ethers and their formation.
Synthesis of aldehydes and ketones
Mechanism of nucleophilic additions to carbonyl group, benzoin, aldol, perkin and knoevenagel condensations, wittig reaction , mannich reaction.
Oxidation of aldehydes, Baeyer-villiger oxidation of ketones, Cannizzaro reaction, clemmensen, wolff-kishner, LialH4 and NaBH4 , Halogenation of enolizable ketones.
Preparation and reaction carboxylic acids and their derivatives, mechanism of decarboxylation, reduction of carboxylic acids.
Mechanism of esterification and hydrolysis
Unit-9 Organic compound and nitrogen
Structure and nomenclature of amines , separation and mixture of primary , secondary and tertiary amines , basicity of amines.
Reductive animation of aldehydic and ketonic compounds , Gabrielphthalimide reaction , Hofmann bromamide reaction.
Reaction of amines with nitrous acid , aryl diazonium salts and azo coupling.
Unit-10 Organometallic compounds
Grignard reagents-formation , structure and chemical reactions
Unit-11 Heterocyclic compounds
Pyrrole , furan thiophene and pyridine- methods of synthesis and chemical reaction , comparision of basicity
Preparation and reactions of indole, quinolone and isoquinoline – Fisher indole synthesis, Skraup synthesis
Unit-12 Bio molecules
Monosaccharides, osazone , Erythro and threo diastereomers, maltose, sucrose,lactose and starch
Acid-base behaviour of amino acids , constituents of nucleic acids, double helical structure of DNA.
Unit-13 Fat, Oils and Detergents
Glycerides, unsaturated oils , saponification value, iodine value, soap and synthetic detergents.
Unit-14 Synthetic Polymers and Dyes
Natural and synthetic rubbers , polyeters, polyamides , phenol formaldehyde resins, urea formaldehyde resins and Zeigler-Natta polymerization.
Chemistry and synthesis of methyl orange and phenolphthalein, Alizarin and indigo.
Mathematics :
1. Algebra
2. Number Theory
3. Calculus, Analytical Geometry of two and three dimensions
4. Real Analysis and Real functions
5. Ordinary Differential Equations
6. Partial Differential Equations
7. Abstract Algebra
8. Linear Algebra
9. Multivariate Calculus
10. Complex Analysis
11. Metric Space
12. Mechanics & Vectors
13. Numerical Methods
14. Linear Programming Problem
15. Attraction, Potential and Hydrostatics
16. Probability & Statistics
Biology :
1. Chemical Coordination
2. Genetics-Molecular Basis of Inheritance
3. Animal Morpho
4. Mineral Nutrients
5. Anatomy of Flowering Plants
6. Cell Division
7. Environmental Issues
8. pollutions and its after effects
9. Application of Biotechnology
10. Sensory System
11. Biomedical Technologies
12. Excretion, Movement and Locomotion, lungs and Respiration, Fungi and Food production-Plant Breeding.
PART-B SYLLABUS :-
Biology, Life Sciences, Biotechnology and Allied Areas :
Biomolecules-structure and functions; Biological membranes, structure, action potential and transport processes; Enzymes- classification, kinetics and mechanism of action; Basic concepts and designs of metabolism (carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids) photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain; Bioenergetics.
Viruses- structure and classification; Microbial classification and diversity(bacterial, algal and fungal); Methods in microbiology; Microbial growth and nutrition; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Nitrogen fixation; Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interaction.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell-Cell communication, Cell signaling and signal transduction.
Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; Mutations and mutagenesis; Nucleic acid replication, transcription, translation and their regulatory mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes; Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics (plasmids, transformation, transduction, conjugation); Horizontal gene transfer and Transposable elements; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair; Chromosomal variation;Molecular basis of genetic diseases
Principles of microscopy-light, electron, fluorescent and confocal; Centrifugation- high speed and ultra; Principles of spectroscopy-UV, visible, CD, IR, FTIR, Raman, MS,NMR; Principles of chromatography- ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, GC,HPLC, FPLC; Electrophoresis; Microarray.
History of Immunology; Innate, humoral and cell mediated immunity; Antigen; Antibody structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; Synthesis of antibody and secretion; Antigen-antibody reaction; Complement; Primary and secondary lymphoid organ; B and T cells and macrophages; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Regulation of immune response; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity; Autoimmunity; Graft versus host reaction.
Major bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis (biomolecular sequence file formats, scoring matrices, sequence alignment, phylogeny); Data mining and analytical tools for genomic and proteomic studies; Molecular dynamics and simulations (basic concepts including force fields, protein-protein, protein-nucleic acid, protein- ligand interaction)
Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors; plasmid, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, yeast artificial chromosome; mammalian and plant expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library; Gene isolation, cloning and expression ; Transposons and gene targeting; DNA labeling; DNA sequencing; Polymerase chain reactions; DNA fingerprinting; Southern and northern blotting; In- situ hybridization; RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer technologies; Gene therapy.
Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and Cell suspension culture system: methodology, kinetics of growth and, nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites by plant suspension cultures; Hairy root culture; transgenic plants; Plant products of industrial importance
Animal cell culture; media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth; Micro & macro-carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic animals.
Chemical engineering principles applied to biological system, Principle of reactor design ideal and non- ideal multiphase bioreactors, mass and heat transfer; Rheology of fermentation fluids, Aeration and agitation; Media formulation and optimization; Kinetics of microbial growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Sterilization of air and media; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes; Various types of microbial and enzyme reactors; Instrumentation control and optimization; Unit operations in solid-liquid separation and liquid-liquid extraction; Process scale-up, economics and feasibility analysis.
Engineering principle of bioprocessing - Upstream production and downstream; Bioprocess design and development from lab to industrial scale; Microbial, animal and plant cell culture platforms; Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites; Biofuels, Bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins; Industrial application of chromatographic and membrane based bio-separation methods; Immobilization of biocatalysts (enzymes and cells) for bioconversion processes; Bioremediation-Aerobic and anaerobic processes for stabilization of solid / liquid wastes
Tissue culture and its application, Micropropagation. Meristem culture and production of virus-free plants. Anther and microspore culture. Embryo and ovary culture. Protoplast isolation. Protoplast fusion-somatic hybrids, cybrids. Somaclones. Synthetic seeds. In vitro germplasm conservation. Cryopreservation. Organelle DNA, Satellite-and repetitive DNAs. DNA repair. Regulation of gene expression. Recombinant DNA technology-cloning vectors, restriction enzymes, gene cloning. Methods of gene transfer in plants. Achievements and recent developments of genetic engineering in agriculture. Development of transgenics for biotic & abiotic stress tolerance, bioethics, terminator technology, nanotechnology, DNA fingerprinting, gene silencing.
NTA Graduate Aptitude Test Biotechnology Exam Pattern 2026
| Part | Subject | No.of Question | Marks | Duration | Negative Marking |
| Part A | Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology | 60 | 60 | 180 Minutes | 0.5 |
| Part B | Basic Biology, LifeSciences, Biotechnology and allied areas (100 Question Attempt 60 Question Only) |
60 | 180 | 01 | |
| Total | 120 | 240 | 180 Minutes |
Exam Date 2026 : Notified Soon
Starting Date of Application Form : Notified Soon
Last Date of Application Form : Notified Soon
FAQs
NTA Graduate Aptitude Test – Biotechnology 2026 Exam Syllabus Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's)
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In this article Page, we have provided the required syllabus of the NTA GAT B exam.
Being familiar with NTA GAT B Exam Pattern will help you understand the types of questions asked, difficulty level of the exam and important topics that require your keen attention. It will also acquaint you with the marking scheme and time allotted to each Topics.
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NTA GAT B exam is not tough but it depends on your preparation. The candidates find the Subject not challenging. The dedicated preparation in the right direction will undoubtedly take you towards the goal.
The candidates must be well versed and acquainted with the syllabus and the exam pattern. Select the areas where improvement is required and schedule your preparation accordingly. To ace this exam, the applicants ought to maintain speed with high accuracy. Practicing previous years question papers will help you understand the exam pattern and the level of difficulty of the exam. You need to hone your strengths and improve upon your weaknesses. Toppersexam.com will aid you through the preparation and drive you to success. At Toppersexam.com, you can practice a complete set of test series along with a free NTA GAT B mock test designed by our expert faculty.
The syllabus of NTA GAT B Exam includes all topics that are important for the exam and are necessary for thorough preparation. Toppersexam provides a complete and updated syllabus with a detailed topic-wise breakdown.
You can download the complete NTA GAT B Exam syllabus PDF from toppersexam.com. The PDF is available free and includes a detailed list of topics, section-wise subjects, and weightage for better exam preparation.
Yes, NTA GAT B Exam has a topic-wise syllabus that includes all relevant subtopics. Toppersexam provides the detailed breakdown, helping candidates focus on high-weightage areas and avoid missing important sections.
Toppersexam ensures that the NTA GAT B syllabus is updated for 2026. The latest syllabus reflects current exam trends, question patterns, and updated topics as per official notifications.
The NTA GAT B Exam pattern includes details like the number of sections, total questions, marks distribution, and exam duration. Toppersexam provides a comprehensive guide on exam format, marking scheme, and question types.
Yes, the majority of questions in NTA GAT B Exam are MCQs. Toppersexam provides practice MCQs with answers to help candidates understand the question pattern and improve accuracy.
Yes, questions are divided section-wise. Toppersexam provides a clear guide on how many questions are asked per section and their difficulty level for effective preparation.
Yes, Toppersexam offers online mock tests that strictly follow the NTA GAT B Exam pattern. These mocks help candidates practice time management and get real-exam experience.
Yes, exam patterns can change over time. Toppersexam provides updated information on the latest exam pattern, question types, and section-wise changes.
Understanding the exam pattern is crucial for time management, question prioritization, and strategy planning. Toppersexam guides candidates on how to use the pattern effectively to maximize scores.
Start by dividing the syllabus into sections and prioritizing high-weightage topics. Toppersexam provides a preparation strategy, along with topic-wise tips and sample questions to make syllabus analysis easier.
Yes, focusing on high-weightage topics improves efficiency. Toppersexam highlights important topics, helping candidates prioritize sections for better performance.
Toppersexam provides a free downloadable PDF that includes both the syllabus and detailed exam pattern. This helps candidates study offline and revise efficiently.