Concerned Subject (Junior Chemist)
1. Chemical Bonding – Valence Bond Theory and its limitations; various types of hybridization; Bent Rule and energies of hybridization, and shapes of simple inorganic molecules and ions; VSEPR theory of NH3, H3O+, SF4, H2O, SnCl2, ClF3, XeO4, ICl2 - ; Molecular Orbital Theory of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules; Multicentered bonding in electron deficient compounds; Hydrogen Bonding and van der Waals forces.
2. Werner’s Theory; Valence Bond Theory and Crystal Field Theory to explain bonding in transition metal complexes, magnetism, geometry, spectral behaviour and colour of coordination complexes; Limitations of CFT, Molecular Orbital Theory (tetrahedral, octahedral and square planar complexes and bonding complexes); Charge transfer spectra; Spin free and spin paired complexes; Stereochemistry of different coordination numbers.
3. Special characteristics & Types of inorganic polymers; Application of silicones, silicates, zeolites, ceramics and ceramic glasses. Diborane and higher boranes, borazines, carboranes, fluorocarbons; Metal clusters: metalloboranes and metallocarboranes. Nanomaterials: Introduction, preparations and characteristic properties; Quantum dots (QDs), Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene, Fullerenes.
4. Definition, classification, preparations, properties, structure and applications of organometallic compounds of Lithium, Magnesium, Mercury, Iron, Rhodium and Tin; Preparation, properties and nature of bond in Metal Carbonyls and Nitrosyls.
5. Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowary and Lewis Concepts of acids and bases, Theory of Hard and Soft Acids and Bases and its applications. Physical properties of solvent, types of solvents and their general characteristic; Reactions in non-aqueous solvents with reference to liquid NH3, HF and liquid SO2.
6. Radiochemical analysis: Introduction of nuclides, isotopes, isobars, isotone, natural and artificial radioactivity, half-life, average life, artificial transmutation, nuclear reactions, nuclear fission and fusion. Applications of radioisotopes; Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Radio Immune Assay (RIA).
7. Electrochemical cell and Ion Selective Electrodes; Voltammetric cell and Cyclic Voltammetry; Chemical sensors and biosensors; Modern theories of corrosion, Thermodynamics and stability of metals; Types of corrosion and prevention; Green Inhibitors.
8. Chemical Statistics: Mean, Median, Accuracy, Precision, Standard Deviation, Relative Standard Deviation; Errors, Types of Errors: Determinate and Indeterminate; Statistical evaluation of data: Calibration Curve, Standard Addition Method, Correlation Coefficient, Linear Regression Analysis (LRA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
9. Principle and process of solvent extraction, Distribution Law, Partition Coefficient, Batch Extraction, Continuous Extraction and Counter Current Extraction. Applications of solvent extraction for determination of ion using organic reagents: Oxine for Iron, Acetylacetone for Beryllium, Diethyldithiocarbamate for Copper, Dithizone for Lead.
10. Principle, Instrumentation and Applications of- (i) Thin layer chromatography (TLC); (ii) Paper chromatography; (iii) Ion Exchange Chromatography; (iv) Gas Chromatography (GC) and GC-MS; (v) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); (vi) Ion Chromatography (IC).
11. Water pollutants: classification, their effects and control; Sampling of water; Sources of water pollution, water quality parameters hardness, alkalinity, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, metals, content of chloride, sulphate, nitrate, silicates and Microorganisms; water quality standards and their analysis; Nanotechnology for water purification. Heavy metal pollution; Instrumental technique of analysis of heavy metals in aqueous systems, pesticides as water pollutants; Purification and treatment of water; Water pollution laws and standards.
12. Sources, detrimental effects and control of soil and air pollutions; Fertility management of soils; Soil sediment analysis- physical and chemical analysis of soil pollution. Green House effect, acid rain, ozone hole phenomenon and thermal inversion.
13. Analysis of major and minor components of food, common adulterants in food, microscopic examination of foods for adulteration, pesticides analysis in food products. Analysis of Water for Pesticides, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Endocrine Disrupters (ECDs).
14. Basic principles, Instrumentation and applications in identification of compounds by: UV-visible spectroscopy; IR spectroscopy; NMR spectroscopy; Mass spectroscopy; Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC); Particle Size Analysis by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
15. Principle, instrumentation and applications of: (i) Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS); (ii) X-ray Diffraction Technique; (iii) Thermal Techniques: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA); and Differential thermal Analysis (DTA).
16. Basic knowledge of computer systems (CPU and other peripheral devices – input/output/auxiliary storage devices); software, opening system and programming language e.g. Machine language, assembly language and higher-level languages. Data processing, principles and programming, flow-charts.
17. Introduction of photochemical reactions, types of excitations; fate of excited molecules, quantum yield, transfer of excitation energy. Green and sustainable chemistry: Principles of green chemistry with their explanations and examples; Green technology and applications to reduce environmental pollution.
