The mean distance between Earth and the Sun is approximately:
A
15 million km
B
50 million km
C
150 million km
D
500 million km
Question 8Single Answer
One astronomical unit is approximately:
A
1.496 Γ 10ΒΉβ° km
B
1.496 Γ 10βΆ km
C
1.496 Γ 10βΈ km
D
1.496 Γ 10β΄ km
Question 9Single Answer
The shape of the Earth is best described as:
A
Perfect sphere
B
Oblate spheroid
C
Prolate spheroid
D
Flat disc
Question 10Single Answer
The equatorial diameter of Earth is:
A
Slightly greater than its polar diameter
B
Equal to its polar diameter
C
Less than its polar diameter
D
Half its polar diameter
Question 11Single Answer
The average radius of Earth is approximately:
A
2371 km
B
4371 km
C
8371 km
D
6371 km
Question 12Single Answer
The most widely accepted hypothesis for the origin of the Solar System is the:
A
Geosynclinal hypothesis
B
Tidal hypothesis only
C
Continental hypothesis
D
Nebular hypothesis
Question 13Single Answer
The age of Earth is approximately:
A
460 million years
B
4.54 billion years
C
10 billion years
D
13.8 billion years
Question 14Single Answer
The age of Earth has been determined most accurately by:
A
Fossil colour
B
Radiometric dating
C
Sediment thickness only
D
Ocean salinity only
Question 15Single Answer
Which isotope system is widely used for dating very old rocks?
A
UβPb
B
NβO
C
HβHe only
D
NaβCl
Question 16Single Answer
The outermost solid layer of Earth is called the:
A
Crust
B
Core
C
Mantle
D
Asthenosphere
Question 17Single Answer
The boundary between the crust and mantle is called the:
A
Gutenberg discontinuity
B
Lehmann discontinuity
C
MohoroviΔiΔ discontinuity
D
Conrad line only
Question 18Single Answer
The MohoroviΔiΔ discontinuity is commonly abbreviated as:
A
Seismo
B
Guto
C
Lehmo
D
Moho
Question 19Single Answer
The mantle extends approximately to a depth of:
A
100 km
B
500 km
C
2900 km
D
6371 km
Question 20Single Answer
The Earth's core is composed predominantly of:
A
Iron and nickel
B
Quartz and feldspar
C
Calcite and dolomite
D
Silica and water
Question 21Single Answer
The boundary between the mantle and outer core is the:
A
Moho discontinuity
B
Gutenberg discontinuity
C
Conrad discontinuity
D
Benioff zone
Question 22Single Answer
The Earth's outer core is mainly:
A
Solid
B
Plasma
C
Gaseous
D
Liquid
Question 23Single Answer
The Earth's inner core is mainly:
A
Solid
B
Liquid
C
Gaseous
D
Molten silicate
Question 24Single Answer
The evidence that the outer core is liquid is largely based on the behaviour of:
A
Ocean waves
B
Wind waves
C
S-waves
D
Tidal waves
Question 25Single Answer
S-waves cannot travel through:
A
Solids
B
Crystalline rocks
C
Liquids
D
Mantle rocks
Question 26Single Answer
P-waves can travel through:
A
Solids only
B
Liquids only
C
Solids and liquids
D
Vacuum only
Question 27Single Answer
The lithosphere includes the crust and:
A
Entire mantle
B
Outer core
C
Uppermost rigid mantle
D
Inner core
Question 28Single Answer
The asthenosphere lies mainly beneath the:
A
Lithosphere
B
Inner core
C
Outer core
D
Continental crust only
Question 29Single Answer
The asthenosphere is characterized by relatively:
A
Rigid behaviour only
B
Gaseous behaviour
C
Plastic behaviour
D
Complete absence of heat
Question 30Single Answer
Continental crust is generally:
A
Thinner than oceanic crust
B
Identical in thickness everywhere
C
Thicker than oceanic crust
D
Absent under mountains
Question 31Single Answer
Oceanic crust is predominantly:
A
Granitic
B
Basaltic
C
Sandstone
D
Marble
Question 32Single Answer
Continental crust is commonly richer in:
A
Organic matter
B
Iron and nickel only
C
Calcium carbonate only
D
Silica and aluminium
Question 33Single Answer
The traditional term βSIALβ refers chiefly to:
A
Sulphur and aluminium
B
Silica and magnesium
C
Silica and aluminium
D
Sodium and iron
Question 34Single Answer
βSIMAβ traditionally refers chiefly to:
A
Sulphur and manganese
B
Silica and aluminium
C
Silica and magnesium
D
Sodium and magnesium
Question 35Single Answer
Earthβs magnetic field is generated mainly by movements in the:
A
Continental crust
B
Lower atmosphere
C
Oceanic crust
D
Outer core
Question 36Single Answer
A volcano is an opening through which _____ reaches the surface.
A
Groundwater only
B
Fossils
C
Sediment only
D
Magma and gases
Question 37Single Answer
Molten rock beneath Earth's surface is called:
A
Lava
B
Loess
C
Magma
D
Till
Question 38Single Answer
Molten rock erupted at Earth's surface is called:
A
Magma
B
Regolith
C
Pluton
D
Lava
Question 39Single Answer
A volcano that has erupted in historical times and may erupt again is generally called:
A
Plutonic
B
Extinct
C
Active
D
Metamorphic
Question 40Single Answer
A volcano that is presently inactive but may erupt again is called:
A
Extinct
B
Dormant
C
Batholithic
D
Sedimentary
Question 41Single Answer
A volcano considered unlikely to erupt again is called:
A
Active
B
Dormant
C
Composite
D
Extinct
Question 42Single Answer
Shield volcanoes are generally formed by:
A
Highly viscous rhyolitic lava only
B
Glacial erosion
C
Limestone deposition
D
Fluid basaltic lava
Question 43Single Answer
Shield volcanoes typically have:
A
Broad gentle slopes
B
Very steep sides
C
Vertical cliffs only
D
No crater
Question 44Single Answer
Composite volcanoes are also known as:
A
Stratovolcanoes
B
Batholiths
C
Laccoliths
D
Eskers
Question 45Single Answer
Composite volcanoes commonly consist of alternating layers of:
A
Limestone and marble
B
Lava and pyroclastic material
C
Coal and shale only
D
Granite and gneiss
Question 46Single Answer
A cinder cone consists mainly of:
A
Coral limestone
B
Massive granite
C
Pyroclastic fragments
D
Glacial till
Question 47Single Answer
A large volcanic depression formed by collapse is called a:
A
Horst
B
Yardang
C
Caldera
D
Drumlin
Question 48Single Answer
Fine volcanic ash is classified as:
A
Metamorphic material
B
Plutonic material
C
Pyroclastic material
D
Biogenic material only
Question 49Single Answer
Volcanic bombs are:
A
Groundwater deposits
B
Large fragments ejected while partly molten
C
Marine sediments
D
Glacial blocks
Question 50Single Answer
Lapilli generally range in size between:
A
2 and 64 mm
B
0.001 and 0.01 mm
C
1 and 10 m only
D
More than 100 m
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Geology
Question 51Single Answer
Pyroclastic fragments smaller than 2 mm are termed:
A
Ash
B
Bombs
C
Blocks
D
Pebbles
Question 52Single Answer
A pyroclastic flow is typically:
A
A slow groundwater current
B
A glacial stream
C
A cold ocean current
D
A hot, fast-moving mixture of gas and fragments
Question 53Single Answer
A lahar is a:
A
Marine terrace
B
Sand dune
C
Fault zone
D
Volcanic mudflow
Question 54Single Answer
Most active volcanoes occur along:
A
River deltas only
B
Stable continental interiors only
C
Plate boundaries
D
Deserts only
Question 55Single Answer
The βPacific Ring of Fireβ is famous for its abundance of:
A
Sand dunes
B
Volcanoes and earthquakes
C
Karst caves only
D
Coral reefs only
Question 56Single Answer
Volcanism at mid-ocean ridges is mainly associated with:
A
Convergent boundaries
B
Transform boundaries only
C
Divergent boundaries
D
Meteorite impacts
Question 57Single Answer
Island arcs generally form above:
A
Stable cratons
B
Subduction zones
C
River valleys
D
Continental shields only
Question 58Single Answer
A hotspot volcano may occur:
A
Within a tectonic plate
B
Only at plate boundaries
C
Only in mountain belts
D
Only on continents
Question 59Single Answer
The Hawaiian Islands are a classic example of:
A
Glacial erosion
B
Hotspot volcanism
C
Continental collision
D
Karst development
Question 60Single Answer
The Deccan Traps represent extensive:
A
Granitic batholiths only
B
Coral deposition
C
Glacial deposits
D
Flood basalt volcanism
Question 61Single Answer
βTrapβ topography commonly develops from repeated flows of:
A
Marble
B
Limestone
C
Sandstone
D
Basalt
Question 62Single Answer
Columnar joints are commonly developed in cooling:
A
Coal seams
B
Unconsolidated sand
C
Basaltic lava
D
Glacial ice only
Question 63Single Answer
Pillow lava is most commonly produced by:
A
Desert wind erosion
B
Subaqueous volcanic eruption
C
Glacial deposition
D
Limestone solution
Question 64Single Answer
Vesicles in volcanic rocks are produced mainly by:
A
Escaping gases
B
Glacial abrasion
C
Chemical compaction only
D
Fossil decay only
Question 65Single Answer
Vesicles filled with secondary minerals are called:
A
Amygdales
B
Xenoliths
C
Phenocrysts
D
Oolites
Question 66Single Answer
Pumice can float on water because of its:
A
High metal content
B
Strong magnetism
C
High quartz content only
D
High vesicularity
Question 67Single Answer
Obsidian is best described as:
A
Glacial sediment
B
Limestone
C
Metamorphic slate
D
Volcanic glass
Question 68Single Answer
Volcanic eruptions dominated by low-viscosity basaltic lava are generally:
A
Non-volcanic
B
Always catastrophically explosive
C
Less explosive
D
Caused by glaciers
Question 69Single Answer
Silica-rich magma generally has:
A
Higher viscosity
B
Lower viscosity
C
Zero viscosity
D
No dissolved gas
Question 70Single Answer
Rhyolitic magma is generally more viscous than:
A
Limestone
B
Solid granite
C
Sandstone
D
Basaltic magma
Question 71Single Answer
An earthquake is produced by sudden release of:
A
Atmospheric pressure only
B
Solar radiation only
C
Ocean salinity
D
Elastic strain energy
Question 72Single Answer
The point within Earth where an earthquake originates is the:
A
Epicentre
B
Focus
C
Anticentre
D
Crater
Question 73Single Answer
The point on Earth's surface vertically above the focus is the:
A
Hypocentre
B
Epicentre
C
Nadir
D
Node
Question 74Single Answer
Another term for the earthquake focus is:
A
Epicentre
B
Hypocentre
C
Caldera
D
Geoid
Question 75Single Answer
The instrument used to record seismic waves is a:
A
Barometer
B
Anemometer
C
Hygrometer
D
Seismograph
Question 76Single Answer
A record of seismic waves is called a:
A
Seismogram
B
Petrogram
C
Climogram
D
Stratogram
Question 77Single Answer
The fastest seismic waves are:
A
P-waves
B
S-waves
C
Love waves
D
Rayleigh waves
Question 78Single Answer
P-waves are:
A
Water waves
B
Purely surface waves
C
Compressional waves
D
Tidal waves
Question 79Single Answer
S-waves are also called:
A
Shear waves
B
Pressure waves
C
Sound waves only
D
Tidal waves
Question 80Single Answer
Surface seismic waves usually cause:
A
Only deep mantle melting
B
No ground movement
C
Much of the earthquake damage
D
Solar flares
Question 81Single Answer
Love waves produce mainly:
A
Vertical fluid flow
B
Pure compression
C
Horizontal shear motion
D
Magmatic crystallization
Question 82Single Answer
Rayleigh waves produce a motion resembling:
A
Groundwater flow
B
Pure horizontal compression only
C
Magnetic oscillation
D
Rolling ocean waves
Question 83Single Answer
Earthquake magnitude measures the:
A
Local damage only
B
Energy released by an earthquake
C
Number of buildings damaged
D
Duration of rainfall
Question 84Single Answer
Earthquake intensity describes:
A
Observed effects at a locality
B
Total mass of Earth
C
Depth of the core
D
Magnetic polarity
Question 85Single Answer
The Modified Mercalli scale measures earthquake:
A
Intensity
B
Magnitude
C
Temperature
D
Velocity only
Question 86Single Answer
The classical Richter scale was developed primarily for measuring:
A
Wind speed
B
Volcanic ash thickness
C
Rock hardness
D
Earthquake magnitude
Question 87Single Answer
Modern large earthquakes are commonly expressed by:
A
Moment magnitude
B
Mohs number
C
Beaufort scale
D
pH
Question 88Single Answer
The moment magnitude scale is based fundamentally on:
A
Seismic moment
B
Surface temperature
C
Air pressure
D
Soil colour
Question 89Single Answer
The difference in arrival times of P- and S-waves helps determine:
A
Fossil age directly
B
Rock colour
C
Ocean salinity
D
Distance to the earthquake
Question 90Single Answer
Earthquake epicentres can be located using data from at least:
A
Three seismic stations
B
One station only
C
No seismic stations
D
One rain gauge
Question 91Single Answer
Most earthquakes occur along:
A
River floodplains only
B
Plate boundaries
C
Stable deserts only
D
Ocean centres only
Question 92Single Answer
Deep-focus earthquakes are characteristic mainly of:
A
Stable shields
B
Mid-ocean ridges only
C
Subduction zones
D
Sand dunes
Question 93Single Answer
A dipping zone of earthquake foci associated with subduction is called a:
A
Phreatic zone
B
Vadose zone
C
WadatiβBenioff zone
D
Littoral zone
Question 94Single Answer
Shallow-focus earthquakes occur at depths generally less than:
A
70 km
B
700 km
C
2900 km
D
5000 km
Question 95Single Answer
Intermediate-focus earthquakes are approximately at depths of:
A
70β300 km
B
0β5 m
C
700β1500 km
D
3000β4000 km
Question 96Single Answer
Deep-focus earthquakes can extend to approximately:
A
700 km depth
B
7000 km depth
C
20 km only
D
10 m only
Question 97Single Answer
Elastic rebound theory is associated with:
A
Coral growth
B
Earthquake generation
C
Wind erosion
D
Groundwater evaporation
Question 98Single Answer
Elastic rebound theory was developed following study of the:
A
1906 San Francisco earthquake
B
Krakatoa eruption only
C
Ice Age
D
Moon landing
Question 99Single Answer
The San Andreas Fault is chiefly a:
A
Transform fault
B
Reverse fault only
C
Thrust related to continental collision only
D
Volcanic vent
Question 100Single Answer
A tsunami is commonly generated by:
A
Desert wind
B
Sudden displacement of the sea floor
C
Groundwater evaporation
D
Soil formation
Question 101Single Answer
Submarine earthquakes can cause:
A
Tsunamis
B
Loess only
C
Yardangs only
D
Stalactites
Question 102Single Answer
Liquefaction during earthquakes most commonly affects:
A
Dry solid marble only
B
Massive granite only
C
Water-saturated loose sediments
D
Fresh basalt flows only
Question 103Single Answer
Earthquake aftershocks occur:
A
Only during volcanic eruptions
B
Only before the main shock
C
Millions of years before
D
After the main shock
Question 104Single Answer
A foreshock is an earthquake that occurs:
A
After every tsunami
B
Before a larger main shock
C
Only at a volcano
D
Only in oceans
Question 105Single Answer
Isostasy refers to gravitational equilibrium between:
A
Lithosphere and underlying mantle
B
Rivers and oceans
C
Atmosphere and biosphere
D
Moon and Sun only
Question 106Single Answer
The concept of isostasy helps explain why mountain ranges have:
A
No crust
B
Deep crustal roots
C
Oceanic trenches beneath all peaks
D
No gravitational effect
Question 107Single Answer
Airy's model of isostasy assumes variations primarily in:
A
Crustal density only
B
Crustal thickness
C
Earth's rotation
D
Ocean salinity
Question 108Single Answer
Pratt's model of isostasy assumes variations primarily in:
A
Crustal thickness only
B
Density
C
River discharge
D
Solar radiation
Question 109Single Answer
Isostatic rebound commonly follows:
A
Ocean evaporation
B
Increased glacial loading only
C
Desertification only
D
Deglaciation
Question 110Single Answer
Loading by a large ice sheet generally causes the crust to:
A
Rise immediately
B
Subside
C
Melt entirely
D
Become oceanic
Question 111Single Answer
Removal of a major erosional load may produce:
A
No crustal adjustment
B
Permanent subsidence only
C
Isostatic uplift
D
Magnetic reversal
Question 112Single Answer
A geosyncline was traditionally described as a:
A
Sand dune
B
Volcanic crater
C
Large subsiding sedimentary trough
D
Glacial valley
Question 113Single Answer
The geosynclinal concept was historically used to explain:
A
Lunar craters
B
River meandering only
C
Cave formation only
D
Mountain building
Question 114Single Answer
The modern theory that largely replaced classical geosynclinal explanations is:
A
Soil creep theory
B
Neptunism
C
Uniform rainfall theory
D
Plate tectonics
Question 115Single Answer
Mountain building is termed:
A
Pedogenesis
B
Epeirogeny
C
Orogeny
D
Diagenesis
Question 116Single Answer
Broad regional vertical movements of continents are termed:
A
Weathering
B
Orogenic folding only
C
Epeirogenic movements
D
Sedimentation
Question 117Single Answer
Fold mountains generally form chiefly in regions of:
A
Crustal compression
B
Crustal extension only
C
River deposition
D
Wind erosion
Question 118Single Answer
The Himalaya formed largely due to collision between the:
A
African and South American plates
B
Indian and Eurasian plates
C
Pacific and Nazca plates
D
Antarctic and Pacific plates
Question 119Single Answer
The Andes are associated chiefly with:
A
Glacial deposition
B
Continental rifting only
C
Transform movement only
D
Oceanic-continental convergence
Question 120Single Answer
The concept of continental drift was strongly advocated by:
A
Bowen
B
Charles Darwin
C
MohoroviΔiΔ
D
Alfred Wegener
Question 121Single Answer
Wegener proposed continental drift principally in the early:
A
20th century
B
16th century
C
18th century
D
21st century
Question 122Single Answer
The supercontinent proposed by Wegener was called:
A
Pangaea
B
Tethys
C
Panthalassa only
D
Gondola
Question 123Single Answer
The vast ocean surrounding Pangaea is generally called:
A
Panthalassa
B
Tethys
C
Atlantic
D
Arctic
Question 124Single Answer
Pangaea later split broadly into:
A
Eurasia and Pacifica only
B
Laurasia and Gondwana
C
India and Africa only
D
Asia and Australia only
Question 125Single Answer
Gondwana included:
A
Europe only
B
India, Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia
C
North America only
D
Greenland only
Question 126Single Answer
Fossil evidence used for continental drift included:
A
Humans only
B
Modern whales only
C
Glossopteris
D
Coral reefs only
Question 127Single Answer
Mesosaurus fossils were used as evidence for former connection between:
A
India and Greenland only
B
Asia and North America only
C
Australia and Europe only
D
South America and Africa
Question 128Single Answer
The apparent fit of continental margins is particularly striking between:
A
South America and Africa
B
India and Japan
C
Australia and Mexico
D
Greenland and Antarctica
Question 129Single Answer
Wegener's original mechanism for continental drift was rejected mainly because it:
A
Lacked a convincing driving mechanism
B
Had no fossil evidence
C
Denied continents existed
D
Rejected all oceans
Question 130Single Answer
Sea-floor spreading was strongly developed by:
A
Harry Hess
B
Alfred Wegener alone
C
William Smith
D
James Hutton
Question 131Single Answer
New oceanic crust forms mainly at:
A
Continental shields
B
Deep-sea trenches
C
Mid-ocean ridges
D
River deltas
Question 132Single Answer
Oceanic crust is destroyed mainly at:
A
River valleys
B
Mid-ocean ridges
C
Hotspots only
D
Subduction zones
Question 133Single Answer
Symmetrical magnetic stripes on the ocean floor provide evidence for:
A
Glaciation only
B
Sea-floor spreading
C
River capture
D
Karst erosion
Question 134Single Answer
Magnetic anomalies parallel to mid-ocean ridges record:
A
Geomagnetic reversals
B
Annual rainfall
C
Ocean tides
D
Atmospheric circulation
Question 135Single Answer
The youngest ocean-floor rocks occur generally:
A
Near continental margins always
B
At mid-ocean ridges
C
At trenches
D
On stable cratons
Question 136Single Answer
The age of oceanic crust generally:
A
Exceeds all continental crust
B
Decreases away from ridges
C
Is identical everywhere
D
Increases away from mid-ocean ridges
Question 137Single Answer
Plate tectonics regards the lithosphere as divided into:
A
Purely liquid zones
B
One immobile shell
C
Moving plates
D
Independent minerals
Question 138Single Answer
Lithospheric plates move over the relatively weak:
A
Inner core
B
Asthenosphere
C
Lower core
D
Continental crust
Question 139Single Answer
The three principal types of plate boundaries are:
A
Divergent, convergent and transform
B
Fold, joint and cleavage
C
Delta, dune and cave
D
Crust, mantle and core
Question 140Single Answer
At a divergent plate boundary, plates move:
A
Toward each other
B
Apart
C
Vertically only
D
Without relative motion
Question 141Single Answer
At a convergent plate boundary, plates move:
A
Only upward
B
Apart
C
In exactly the same direction and speed
D
Toward one another
Question 142Single Answer
At transform boundaries, plates mainly move:
A
Vertically without shear
B
Directly apart
C
Directly toward each other
D
Horizontally past each other
Question 143Single Answer
Mid-ocean ridges are examples of:
A
Transform boundaries only
B
Convergent boundaries
C
Divergent boundaries
D
Continental collision zones
Question 144Single Answer
Deep ocean trenches are most closely associated with:
