Obtaining and utilizing food for energy and growth
B
Only excretion of wastes
C
Only reproduction
D
Only locomotion
Question 3Single Answer
Organisms that can synthesize their own food from inorganic substances are called?
A
Heterotrophs
B
Autotrophs
C
Parasites
D
Saprophytes
Question 4Single Answer
Which is an example of autotrophic nutrition?
A
Animals feeding on plants
B
Green plants performing photosynthesis
C
Fungi absorbing nutrients
D
Bacteria causing disease
Question 5Single Answer
Heterotrophic nutrition is found in?
A
All animals and non-green plants
B
Only green plants
C
Only bacteria
D
Only algae
Question 6Single Answer
Holozoic nutrition is characteristic of?
A
Fungi
B
Most animals including humans
C
Parasites only
D
Saprophytes only
Question 7Single Answer
Saprophytic nutrition is shown by?
A
Animals only
B
Green plants
C
Fungi and some bacteria
D
Parasites
Question 8Single Answer
Parasitic nutrition involves?
A
Ingesting solid food
B
Absorbing from dead matter
C
Synthesizing own food
D
Deriving food from living host
Question 9Single Answer
Photosynthesis is?
A
Anabolic process converting light energy into chemical energy
B
Catabolic process releasing energy
C
Only respiration process
D
Only transpiration
Question 10Single Answer
The site of photosynthesis in higher plants is?
A
Ribosome
B
Mitochondria
C
Nucleus
D
Chloroplast
Question 11Single Answer
The pigment that initiates photosynthesis is?
A
Xanthophyll
B
Chlorophyll b
C
Carotenoids
D
Chlorophyll a
Question 12Single Answer
Photosystem II is associated with?
A
Only NADP+ reduction
B
Water splitting and oxygen release
C
Only Calvin cycle
D
Only dark reaction
Question 13Single Answer
Photosystem I is mainly involved in?
A
CO₂ fixation
B
Water splitting
C
ATP formation only
D
Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH
Question 14Single Answer
The Z-scheme represents?
A
Only Calvin cycle
B
Dark reaction pathway
C
Electron transport in light reaction of photosynthesis
D
Only glycolysis
Question 15Single Answer
The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in?
A
Thylakoid membrane
B
Stroma of chloroplast
C
Cytoplasm
D
Mitochondria
Question 16Single Answer
The dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occurs in?
A
Stroma of chloroplast
B
Thylakoid membrane
C
Grana
D
Outer membrane
Question 17Single Answer
The first stable product of C3 pathway is?
A
Oxaloacetate
B
3-Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
C
Malic acid
D
Pyruvate
Question 18Single Answer
The enzyme responsible for CO₂ fixation in C3 plants is?
A
Pyruvate carboxylase
B
PEP carboxylase
C
RuBisCO
D
Hexokinase
Question 19Single Answer
C4 plants have?
A
Kranz anatomy
B
Only mesophyll cells
C
No bundle sheath cells
D
Only one type of chloroplast
Question 20Single Answer
The first stable product in C4 pathway is?
A
Oxaloacetate (4-carbon compound)
B
PGA
C
Malic acid only
D
Pyruvate
Question 21Single Answer
C4 plants are more efficient in?
A
Cold climates
B
Hot and dry climates with high light intensity
C
Low light intensity
D
High CO₂ concentration
Question 22Single Answer
CAM plants open their stomata?
A
Only during day
B
At night
C
Throughout day and night
D
Never
Question 23Single Answer
CAM pathway helps plants to?
A
Fix CO₂ only in light
B
Increase photorespiration
C
Grow only in cold areas
D
Conserve water in arid conditions
Question 24Single Answer
Photorespiration occurs in?
A
C3 plants under high temperature and low CO₂
B
C4 plants only
C
CAM plants only
D
All plants equally
Question 25Single Answer
Which is not a mode of heterotrophic nutrition?
A
Autotrophic
B
Holozoic
C
Saprophytic
D
Parasitic
Question 26Single Answer
The Z-scheme is also known as?
A
Non-cyclic electron transport
B
Cyclic photophosphorylation only
C
Only dark reaction
D
Only Calvin cycle
Question 27Single Answer
ATP and NADPH are products of?
A
Dark reaction only
B
Light reaction
C
Only Calvin cycle
D
Only photorespiration
Question 28Single Answer
The enzyme PEP carboxylase is found in?
A
Only fungi
B
Only C3 plants
C
Only animals
D
C4 and CAM plants
Question 29Single Answer
Which pigment is accessory in photosynthesis?
A
Myoglobin
B
Chlorophyll a only
C
Haemoglobin
D
Chlorophyll b and carotenoids
Question 30Single Answer
The overall equation of photosynthesis is?
A
Only respiration equation
B
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O
C
6CO₂ + 12H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ + 6H₂O (in presence of light and chlorophyll)
D
Only glycolysis
Question 31Single Answer
Kranz anatomy is a characteristic feature of?
A
All plants
B
C3 plants
C
CAM plants
D
C4 plants
Question 32Single Answer
In CAM plants, CO₂ is fixed into?
A
Malic acid during night
B
PGA during day
C
Oxaloacetate only at night
D
Pyruvate during day
Question 33Single Answer
Which process requires both PS I and PS II?
A
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
B
Cyclic photophosphorylation
C
Only dark reaction
D
Only photorespiration
Question 34Single Answer
The source of oxygen released during photosynthesis is?
A
Carbon dioxide
B
Water
C
Glucose
D
Chlorophyll
Question 35Single Answer
Which is an example of parasitic plant?
A
Wheat
B
Mango
C
Cuscuta
D
Rice
Question 36Single Answer
Which is an example of saprophyte?
A
Volvox
B
Green algae
C
Spirogyra
D
Mucor and yeast
Question 37Single Answer
The dark reaction is also called?
A
Z-scheme
B
Calvin-Benson cycle
C
Krebs cycle
D
Glycolysis
Question 38Single Answer
In C3 plants, photorespiration occurs because RuBisCO has affinity for?
A
Oxygen
B
Only CO₂
C
Only ATP
D
Only NADPH
Question 39Single Answer
Which plants show spatial separation of initial CO₂ fixation and Calvin cycle?
A
Only algae
B
C3 plants
C
Only CAM
D
C4 plants
Question 40Single Answer
Which plants show temporal separation of CO₂ fixation?
A
CAM plants
B
C3 plants
C
C4 plants
D
All plants
Question 41Single Answer
The number of ATP molecules required in Calvin cycle for synthesis of one glucose is?
A
18
B
12
C
6
D
30
Question 42Single Answer
The number of NADPH molecules required for synthesis of one glucose in Calvin cycle is?
A
18
B
12
C
6
D
24
Question 43Single Answer
Which is not an autotroph?
A
Some bacteria
B
Green plant
C
Cyanobacteria
D
Human being
Question 44Single Answer
Cyclic photophosphorylation produces?
A
ATP and NADPH
B
Only ATP
C
Only NADPH
D
Only O₂
Question 45Single Answer
Which pigment absorbs light of longer wavelength?
A
Carotenoids
B
P680 in Photosystem II
C
Chlorophyll b
D
P700 in Photosystem I
Question 46Single Answer
The primary acceptor of CO₂ in C4 plants is?
A
RuBP
B
Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
C
PGA
D
Malate
Question 47Single Answer
Which is an example of holophytic nutrition?
A
Saprophytic in fungi
B
Holozoic in animals
C
Autotrophic nutrition in plants
D
Parasitic in Cuscuta
Question 48Single Answer
Which process is common to both C3 and C4 plants?
A
Only Hatch-Slack pathway
B
Calvin cycle
C
Only Kranz anatomy
D
Only night fixation
Question 49Single Answer
The law of limiting factors in photosynthesis was given by?
A
Calvin
B
Blackman
C
Priestley
D
Ingenhousz
Question 50Single Answer
Who discovered that oxygen is released from water during photosynthesis?
A
Ingenhousz
B
Priestley
C
Ruben and Kamen
D
Sachs
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Concerned Subject (Biology)
Question 51Single Answer
Which is not a heterotrophic mode?
A
Saprophytic
B
Autotrophic
C
Parasitic
D
Holozoic
Question 52Single Answer
In non-cyclic electron flow, electrons finally reach?
A
Chlorophyll a
B
Water
C
NADP+
D
ATP
Question 53Single Answer
Bundle sheath cells in C4 plants have?
A
Only mitochondria
B
Granal chloroplasts only
C
No chloroplasts
D
Agranal chloroplasts
Question 54Single Answer
CAM plants are mostly?
A
Aquatic plants
B
Temperate grasses
C
Tropical crops
D
Succulents like cactus
Question 55Single Answer
The first action spectrum of photosynthesis was described by?
A
Calvin
B
Priestley
C
Blackman
D
Engelmann
Question 56Single Answer
Which is an example of mixotrophic nutrition?
A
Amoeba
B
Euglena
C
Paramecium
D
Hydra
Question 57Single Answer
The end product of light reaction used in dark reaction is?
A
Only CO₂
B
Only O₂
C
ATP and NADPH
D
Only glucose
Question 58Single Answer
Which pathway minimizes photorespiration?
A
Only C3 pathway
B
C4 and CAM pathways
C
Only respiration
D
Only glycolysis
Question 59Single Answer
The reaction centre of Photosystem II is?
A
P750
B
P700
C
P680
D
P890
Question 60Single Answer
The reaction centre of Photosystem I is?
A
P600
B
P680
C
P650
D
P700
Question 61Single Answer
Which is not required for photosynthesis?
A
Oxygen
B
Light
C
Chlorophyll
D
CO₂
Question 62Single Answer
In C4 plants, initial CO₂ fixation occurs in?
A
Both equally
B
Bundle sheath cells
C
Mesophyll cells
D
Only roots
Question 63Single Answer
Which adaptation reduces water loss in CAM plants?
A
Large leaves
B
Daytime stomatal opening
C
Nocturnal stomatal opening
D
Thin cuticle
Question 64Single Answer
The Calvin cycle is also known as?
A
CAM pathway
B
C4 pathway
C
C3 pathway
D
Hatch-Slack pathway
Question 65Single Answer
Which organism shows saprozoic nutrition?
A
Only parasites
B
Green plants
C
All animals
D
Some protozoans
Question 66Single Answer
Which is the correct sequence of light reaction?
A
PS II → Electron transport → PS I → NADP+ reduction
B
PS I → PS II only
C
Only dark reaction
D
Only Calvin cycle
Question 67Single Answer
Photorespiration is wasteful because it?
A
Fixes more CO₂
B
Produces more sugar
C
Releases CO₂ without producing ATP or sugar
D
Conserves water
Question 68Single Answer
Which is an example of partial heterotroph?
A
Only bacteria
B
All green plants
C
Only fungi
D
Insectivorous plants like Nepenthes
Question 69Single Answer
The quantum requirement in photosynthesis is?
A
Only 2 quanta
B
8-10 quanta per O₂ molecule evolved
C
Only 1 quantum
D
20 quanta
Question 70Single Answer
Which cycle operates in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells?
A
Only CAM
B
Only C3 pathway
C
C4 pathway
D
Only respiration
Question 71Single Answer
Which plants have high rate of photorespiration?
A
All equally
B
C4 plants
C
CAM plants
D
C3 plants
Question 72Single Answer
The source of hydrogen in NADPH during light reaction is?
A
Chlorophyll
B
CO₂
C
Glucose
D
Water
Question 73Single Answer
Which is not a heterotrophic organism?
A
Yeast
B
Amoeba
C
Nostoc
D
Cuscuta
Question 74Single Answer
In Z-scheme, the electrons lost by PS II are replaced by?
A
Splitting of water
B
PS I only
C
NADP+
D
ATP
Question 75Single Answer
Which pathway is more efficient in terms of energy?
A
C3 pathway
B
C4 pathway
C
Both same
D
Only CAM
Question 76Single Answer
Microsporogenesis is the process of formation of?
A
Endosperm
B
Megaspores in the ovule
C
Embryo sac
D
Microspores from microspore mother cells in the anther
Question 77Single Answer
The microspore mother cell (PMc) undergoes?
A
Meiosis to produce four haploid microspores
B
Mitosis to produce diploid spores
C
No division
D
Only one division
Question 78Single Answer
The arrangement of microspores in a tetrad is usually?
A
Decussate
B
Linear
C
Isobilateral
D
Tetrahedral
Question 79Single Answer
The pollen grain represents?
A
The sporophyte
B
The female gametophyte
C
The male gametophyte in angiosperms
D
The zygote
Question 80Single Answer
Megasporogenesis occurs in?
A
Pollen sac
B
Anther
C
Nucellus of the ovule
D
Style
Question 81Single Answer
The megaspore mother cell undergoes?
A
Mitosis
B
Meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores
C
No division
D
Only amitosis
Question 82Single Answer
In most angiosperms, the functional megaspore is?
A
The micropylar one
B
The chalazal one (monosporic development)
C
All four
D
None
Question 83Single Answer
The embryo sac in angiosperms is usually?
A
4-celled
B
8-celled and 7-nucleate
C
7-celled and 8-nucleate (Polygonum type)
D
2-celled
Question 84Single Answer
Double fertilization is a unique feature of?
A
Angiosperms
B
Gymnosperms
C
Bryophytes
D
Pteridophytes
Question 85Single Answer
In double fertilization, one male gamete fuses with?
A
The egg cell to form zygote (syngamy)
B
Two polar nuclei to form PEN
C
Synergids
D
Antipodals
Question 86Single Answer
The second male gamete fuses with?
A
Only one polar nucleus
B
The egg cell
C
Two polar nuclei to form triploid primary endosperm nucleus (triple fusion)
D
Synergids
Question 87Single Answer
Triple fusion results in the formation of?
A
Diploid embryo
B
Diploid zygote
C
Haploid embryo
D
Triploid endosperm
Question 88Single Answer
The endosperm provides?
A
No nutrition
B
Only protection
C
Only water
D
Nutrition to the developing embryo
Question 89Single Answer
Embryo development in dicots starts with?
A
Only free nuclear
B
Longitudinal division
C
No division
D
Zygote dividing transversely to form basal and terminal cells
Question 90Single Answer
Parthenogenesis is the development of?
A
Seed without embryo
B
Fruit without fertilization
C
Embryo from an unfertilized egg
D
Pollen without division
Question 91Single Answer
Parthenocarpy is the development of?
A
Embryo without fertilization
B
Fruit without fertilization (usually seedless)
C
Seed without fruit
D
Pollen tube without ovule
Question 92Single Answer
Natural parthenocarpy is seen in?
A
Only mango
B
Banana and pineapple
C
Only wheat
D
Only rice
Question 93Single Answer
Induced parthenocarpy can be achieved by?
A
Application of auxins or gibberellins
B
Only cold treatment
C
Only light
D
Only vernalization
Question 94Single Answer
The male gametophyte in angiosperms is?
A
Large and independent
B
Highly reduced and consists of 3 cells (2 male gametes + 1 vegetative cell)
C
7-celled
D
8-nucleate
Question 95Single Answer
The female gametophyte is also called?
A
Embryo sac
B
Pollen grain
C
Anther
D
Ovule
Question 96Single Answer
In microsporogenesis, the tapetum provides?
A
No role
B
Only protection
C
Only water
D
Nutrition and enzymes to developing microspores
Question 97Single Answer
The pollen wall (exine) is made up of?
A
Lignin only
B
Cellulose only
C
Sporopollenin
D
Pectin
Question 98Single Answer
The functional megaspore undergoes?
A
No division
B
Only one division
C
Meiosis again
D
Three mitotic divisions to form 8-nucleate embryo sac
Question 99Single Answer
Synergids help in?
A
Forming endosperm
B
Guiding the pollen tube into the embryo sac
C
Forming embryo
D
No role
Question 100Single Answer
Antipodal cells in embryo sac are?
A
Usually three cells at the chalazal end
B
Two cells
C
One cell
D
Eight cells
Question 101Single Answer
Double fertilization was discovered by?
A
Mendel
B
Strasburger
C
Nawaschin
D
Darwin
Question 102Single Answer
The zygote develops into?
A
Embryo
B
Endosperm
C
Seed coat
D
Fruit
Question 103Single Answer
Parthenogenesis occurs in?
A
Some plants and animals (e.g., dandelions, aphids)
B
Only animals
C
Only higher plants
D
No organisms
Question 104Single Answer
Apomixis includes?
A
Parthenogenesis and formation of embryo without fertilization
B
Only parthenocarpy
C
Only double fertilization
D
No reproduction
Question 105Single Answer
Seedless fruits are produced due to?
A
Double fertilization
B
Parthenogenesis
C
Parthenocarpy
D
Triple fusion
Question 106Single Answer
In angiosperms, the male gametes are?
A
Produced in archegonia
B
Motile with flagella
C
Non-motile and delivered by pollen tube
D
Large and independent
Question 107Single Answer
The pollen tube enters the ovule through?
A
Chalaza only
B
Micropyle (porogamy) in most cases
C
Integument
D
Funicle
Question 108Single Answer
Endosperm in angiosperms is?
A
Tetraploid (4n)
B
Diploid (2n)
C
Haploid (n)
D
Triploid (3n)
Question 109Single Answer
In dicot embryo, the suspensor helps in?
A
Forming cotyledons
B
Only protection
C
Pushing the embryo into endosperm
D
No role
Question 110Single Answer
Apomictic seeds are?
A
Produced by sexual reproduction
B
Genetically identical to the mother plant
C
Always hybrid
D
No seeds
Question 111Single Answer
The process of formation of male gametophyte is called?
A
Megagametogenesis
B
Microsporogenesis
C
Megasporogenesis
D
Microgametogenesis
Question 112Single Answer
The process of formation of female gametophyte is called?
A
Megagametogenesis
B
Megasporogenesis
C
Microsporogenesis
D
Microgametogenesis
Question 113Single Answer
In Polygonum type embryo sac, the egg apparatus consists of?
A
Three antipodals
B
One egg cell and two synergids
C
Two polar nuclei
D
Only central cell
Question 114Single Answer
Triple fusion is unique to?
A
Angiosperms
B
Gymnosperms
C
Pteridophytes
D
Bryophytes
Question 115Single Answer
Parthenocarpy can be?
A
Only induced
B
Only natural
C
Natural or induced
D
Never induced
Question 116Single Answer
Banana is an example of?
A
Apomixis only
B
Induced parthenocarpy
C
Parthenogenesis
D
Natural parthenocarpy
Question 117Single Answer
Seedless watermelon is produced by?
A
Only natural
B
Induced parthenocarpy or triploid plants
C
Only parthenogenesis
D
No method
Question 118Single Answer
The generative cell in pollen grain divides to form?
A
No division
B
One tube nucleus
C
Vegetative cell
D
Two male gametes
Question 119Single Answer
The vegetative cell in pollen grain forms?
A
Male gametes
B
The pollen tube
C
Embryo sac
D
Endosperm
Question 120Single Answer
In megasporogenesis, three megaspores usually?
A
Form pollen
B
Become functional
C
Form embryo sac
D
Degenerate
Question 121Single Answer
Double fertilization ensures?
A
Only embryo
B
Formation of both embryo and endosperm
C
Only endosperm
D
No fertilization
Question 122Single Answer
The primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) divides to form?
A
Endosperm tissue
B
Embryo
C
Seed coat
D
Fruit wall
Question 123Single Answer
Parthenogenesis leads to?
A
Production of haploid or diploid embryos without fertilization
B
Seedless fruits
C
Only fruits
D
No embryo
Question 124Single Answer
In some plants, parthenogenesis is a form of?
A
No reproduction
B
Only sexual reproduction
C
Only double fertilization
D
Apomixis
Question 125Single Answer
The ovule after fertilization develops into?
A
Pollen
B
Fruit
C
Embryo sac
D
Seed
Question 126Single Answer
The ovary after fertilization develops into?
A
Endosperm
B
Seed
C
Embryo
D
Fruit
Question 127Single Answer
In microsporogenesis, the tetrad of microspores is enclosed by?
A
Only sporopollenin
B
No wall
C
Only cellulose
D
Callose wall initially
Question 128Single Answer
The pollen grain is released at?
A
7-celled stage
B
Always 3-celled
C
Always 1-celled
D
2-celled or 3-celled stage
Question 129Single Answer
The central cell in embryo sac has?
A
No nucleus
B
One nucleus
C
Three nuclei
D
Two polar nuclei
Question 130Single Answer
Syngamy is the fusion of?
A
Male gamete and polar nuclei
B
Male gamete and egg cell
C
Two male gametes
D
Egg and polar nuclei
Question 131Single Answer
Parthenocarpy is commercially important for?
A
Production of seedless fruits
B
Only seed production
C
Only embryo development
D
No importance
Question 132Single Answer
In some cases, parthenocarpy is induced by?
A
No induction
B
Only fertilization
C
Only cold
D
Pollination with incompatible pollen
Question 133Single Answer
The embryo in dicots has?
A
No cotyledon
B
One cotyledon
C
Three cotyledons
D
Two cotyledons
Question 134Single Answer
The embryo in monocots has?
A
Two cotyledons
B
One cotyledon (scutellum)
C
No cotyledon
D
Three cotyledons
Question 135Single Answer
Apomixis produces?
A
Hybrid seeds
B
Clonal seeds genetically identical to mother
C
Only sexual seeds
D
No seeds
Question 136Single Answer
The tapetum in anther is?
A
Mechanical
B
Protective only
C
Nutritive layer
D
No role
Question 137Single Answer
Ubisch bodies are secreted by?
A
Endothecium
B
Epidermis
C
Tapetum
D
Middle layer
Question 138Single Answer
The exine of pollen grain is made of?
A
Lignin
B
Cellulose
C
Sporopollenin (highly resistant)
D
Pectin
Question 139Single Answer
The intine of pollen grain is made of?
A
Sporopollenin
B
Cellulose and pectin
C
Lignin only
D
No material
Question 140Single Answer
In embryo sac, the filiform apparatus is present in?
A
Synergids
B
Egg cell
C
Antipodals
D
Central cell
Question 141Single Answer
Double fertilization leads to?
A
Haploid structures
B
Only diploid embryo
C
Only triploid endosperm
D
Formation of diploid embryo and triploid endosperm
Question 142Single Answer
Parthenogenesis is common in?
A
Only higher animals
B
Some animals and a few plants (e.g., dandelions)
C
Only angiosperms
D
No organisms
Question 143Single Answer
Parthenocarpy results in?
A
Embryo without seed
B
Seeds without fruit
C
Seedless fruits of commercial value
D
No fruit
Question 144Single Answer
In angiosperms, the life cycle is?
A
Haplontic
B
Diplontic with highly reduced gametophyte
C
Haplo-diplontic with dominant gametophyte
D
No alternation
Question 145Single Answer
The pollen tube grows through?
A
Style towards the ovule
B
Only stigma
C
Only ovary wall
D
No growth
Question 146Single Answer
The tube nucleus in pollen grain controls?
A
Fertilization
B
Formation of male gametes
C
Growth of pollen tube
D
No role
Question 147Single Answer
In some plants, embryo develops from?
A
Synergid or antipodal (apomixis)
B
Only zygote
C
Only endosperm
D
No embryo
Question 148Single Answer
The term “double fertilization” includes?
A
No fusion
B
Only syngamy
C
Only triple fusion
D
Syngamy and triple fusion
Question 149Single Answer
Parthenocarpy is advantageous for?
A
Seedless fruit production in banana, grapes, citrus
