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Latest BTSC SMO Pathology Exam Question (Objective Questions), MCQ in English

Subjects : Pathology

Question Bank BTSC Specialist Medical Officer (Pathology) Exam - English
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Pathology

Question 1Single Answer
Which of the following is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms?
  1. A
    Tissue
  2. B
    Organ
  3. C
    Cell
  4. D
    Organ system
Question 2Single Answer
The plasma membrane of a cell is primarily composed of:
  1. A
    Proteins and carbohydrates
  2. B
    Phospholipids and proteins
  3. C
    Nucleic acids and lipids
  4. D
    Carbohydrates and lipids
Question 3Single Answer
Which cellular organelle is responsible for generating most of the cell's ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
  1. A
    Endoplasmic reticulum
  2. B
    Golgi apparatus
  3. C
    Mitochondria
  4. D
    Lysosomes
Question 4Single Answer
Protein synthesis primarily occurs in which cellular organelle?
  1. A
    Golgi apparatus
  2. B
    Ribosomes
  3. C
    Lysosomes
  4. D
    Peroxisomes
Question 5Single Answer
The genetic material of a eukaryotic cell is primarily located in the:
  1. A
    Cytoplasm
  2. B
    Nucleus
  3. C
    Mitochondria
  4. D
    Endoplasmic reticulum
Question 6Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a primary type of tissue in the human body?
  1. A
    Epithelial tissue
  2. B
    Connective tissue
  3. C
    Muscle tissue
  4. D
    Osseous tissue (This is a type of connective tissue)
Question 7Single Answer
Epithelial tissues are characterized by:
  1. A
    Abundant extracellular matrix
  2. B
    Closely packed cells with little intercellular substance
  3. C
    Extensive vascularization
  4. D
    Contractile properties
Question 8Single Answer
Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized for secretion and is found in glands?
  1. A
    Squamous epithelium
  2. B
    Cuboidal epithelium
  3. C
    Columnar epithelium
  4. D
    Glandular epithelium
Question 9Single Answer
Stratified squamous epithelium is primarily found in areas subject to:
  1. A
    Absorption
  2. B
    Secretion
  3. C
    Abrasion
  4. D
    Filtration
Question 10Single Answer
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium is characteristic of the:
  1. A
    Lining of the stomach
  2. B
    Lining of the urinary bladder
  3. C
    Lining of the trachea
  4. D
    Lining of blood vessels
Question 11Single Answer
Connective tissue is characterized by:
  1. A
    Tightly packed cells
  2. B
    A free apical surface
  3. C
    Abundant extracellular matrix
  4. D
    Contractile filaments
Question 12Single Answer
The major protein component of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue is:
  1. A
    Actin
  2. B
    Myosin
  3. C
    Collagen
  4. D
    Keratin
Question 13Single Answer
Which of the following is a type of loose connective tissue?
  1. A
    Cartilage
  2. B
    Bone
  3. C
    Areolar tissue
  4. D
    Adipose tissue (also loose, but areolar is a classic example)
Question 14Single Answer
Adipose tissue primarily functions in:
  1. A
    Providing structural support
  2. B
    Storing energy in the form of fat
  3. C
    Transporting oxygen
  4. D
    Facilitating movement
Question 15Single Answer
Cartilage is avascular, meaning it lacks:
  1. A
    Nerves
  2. B
    Lymphatic vessels
  3. C
    Blood vessels
  4. D
    Cells
Question 16Single Answer
The three main types of cartilage are:
  1. A
    Loose, dense, and elastic
  2. B
    Fibrous, reticular, and elastic
  3. C
    Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
  4. D
    Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
Question 17Single Answer
Which type of cartilage is found in the articular surfaces of joints?
  1. A
    Elastic cartilage
  2. B
    Fibrocartilage
  3. C
    Hyaline cartilage
  4. D
    Reticular cartilage
Question 18Single Answer
Bone tissue is characterized by its mineralized extracellular matrix composed mainly of:
  1. A
    Collagen and elastin
  2. B
    Calcium phosphate and collagen
  3. C
    Keratin and calcium carbonate
  4. D
    Chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid
Question 19Single Answer
The functional unit of bone is called a(n):
  1. A
    Chondron
  2. B
    Neuron
  3. C
    Osteon (Haversian system)
  4. D
    Sarcomere
Question 20Single Answer
Blood is considered a type of:
  1. A
    Epithelial tissue
  2. B
    Connective tissue
  3. C
    Muscle tissue
  4. D
    Nervous tissue
Question 21Single Answer
The formed elements of blood include:
  1. A
    Plasma and serum
  2. B
    Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
  3. C
    Lymph and interstitial fluid
  4. D
    Antibodies and antigens
Question 22Single Answer
The three main types of muscle tissue are:
  1. A
    Striated, non-striated, and cardiac
  2. B
    Voluntary, involuntary, and smooth
  3. C
    Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
  4. D
    Long, short, and branched
Question 23Single Answer
Intercalated discs are a unique feature of:
  1. A
    Skeletal muscle
  2. B
    Cardiac muscle
  3. C
    Smooth muscle
  4. D
    Nervous tissue
Question 24Single Answer
Smooth muscle is found in the walls of:
  1. A
    Bones
  2. B
    Hollow organs
  3. C
    Skeletal muscles
  4. D
    The heart
Question 25Single Answer
Nervous tissue is specialized for:
  1. A
    Contraction and relaxation
  2. B
    Support and protection
  3. C
    Communication and control
  4. D
    Secretion and absorption
Question 26Single Answer
The two main types of cells in nervous tissue are:
  1. A
    Osteocytes and chondrocytes
  2. B
    Neurons and neuroglia
  3. C
    Fibroblasts and macrophages
  4. D
    Keratinocytes and melanocytes
Question 27Single Answer
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the:
  1. A
    Neuroglia
  2. B
    Neuron
  3. C
    Synapse
  4. D
    Axon
Question 28Single Answer
Neuroglia cells provide:
  1. A
    Rapid communication between different parts of the body
  2. B
    Support, insulation, and protection for neurons
  3. C
    Contractile force for movement
  4. D
    A protective barrier against pathogens
Question 29Single Answer
The process by which cells increase in number is called:
  1. A
    Hypertrophy
  2. B
    Metaplasia
  3. C
    Hyperplasia
  4. D
    Atrophy
Question 30Single Answer
An increase in the size of individual cells, leading to an increase in the size of the tissue or organ, is called:
  1. A
    Hyperplasia
  2. B
    Metaplasia
  3. C
    Hypertrophy
  4. D
    Dysplasia
Question 31Single Answer
A reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type is called:
  1. A
    Hyperplasia
  2. B
    Metaplasia
  3. C
    Dysplasia
  4. D
    Anaplasia
Question 32Single Answer
A decrease in the size of cells, tissues, or organs due to a decrease in cell size and/or number is called:
  1. A
    Hyperplasia
  2. B
    Hypertrophy
  3. C
    Metaplasia
  4. D
    Atrophy
Question 33Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of atrophy?
  1. A
    Disuse
  2. B
    Denervation
  3. C
    Ischemia
  4. D
    Increased workload
Question 34Single Answer
Dysplasia refers to:
  1. A
    A reversible increase in cell size
  2. B
    A reversible change in cell type
  3. C
    Abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization
  4. D
    A complete lack of differentiation in cells
Question 35Single Answer
Anaplasia is characterized by:
  1. A
    Well-differentiated cells
  2. B
    Uniform cell morphology
  3. C
    Lack of differentiation and pleomorphism
  4. D
    Organized tissue architecture
Question 36Single Answer
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role in:
  1. A
    Intracellular signaling
  2. B
    Providing structural support and regulating cell behavior
  3. C
    Energy production
  4. D
    Protein synthesis
Question 37Single Answer
Which of the following is a major component of basement membranes?
  1. A
    Elastin
  2. B
    Laminin
  3. C
    Fibronectin
  4. D
    Reticulin
Question 38Single Answer
Cell junctions that provide strong mechanical attachments between adjacent cells are called:
  1. A
    Gap junctions
  2. B
    Desmosomes
  3. C
    Tight junctions
  4. D
    Adherens junctions
Question 39Single Answer
Cell junctions that prevent the passage of molecules between adjacent cells are called:
  1. A
    Gap junctions
  2. B
    Desmosomes
  3. C
    Tight junctions
  4. D
    Adherens junctions
Question 40Single Answer
Cell junctions that allow direct communication and passage of small molecules between adjacent cells are called:
  1. A
    Gap junctions
  2. B
    Desmosomes
  3. C
    Tight junctions
  4. D
    Hemidesmosomes
Question 41Single Answer
Hemidesmosomes connect:
  1. A
    Adjacent cells
  2. B
    Epithelial cells to the basement membrane
  3. C
    Muscle cells to each other
  4. D
    Neurons to glial cells
Question 42Single Answer
The process of programmed cell death is known as:
  1. A
    Necrosis
  2. B
    Apoptosis
  3. C
    Autophagy
  4. D
    Inflammation
Question 43Single Answer
Necrosis is typically characterized by:
  1. A
    Organized cell shrinkage
  2. B
    Chromatin condensation
  3. C
    Cell swelling and lysis
  4. D
    Formation of apoptotic bodies
Question 44Single Answer
Autophagy is a cellular process involving the degradation of:
  1. A
    Extracellular matrix components
  2. B
    Foreign pathogens
  3. C
    Damaged or unnecessary cellular components
  4. D
    DNA
Question 45Single Answer
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of inflammation?
  1. A
    Decreased blood flow
  2. B
    Decreased vascular permeability
  3. C
    Increased blood flow and vascular permeability
  4. D
    Reduced migration of leukocytes
Question 46Single Answer
The five cardinal signs of acute inflammation are:
  1. A
    Pain, swelling, redness, heat, and itching
  2. B
    Heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function
  3. C
    Fever, chills, fatigue, malaise, and weight loss
  4. D
    Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis, fibrosis, and scarring
Question 47Single Answer
Which of the following is a key cellular mediator of acute inflammation?
  1. A
    Erythrocyte
  2. B
    Platelet
  3. C
    Neutrophil
  4. D
    Lymphocyte
Question 48Single Answer
Mast cells release which important mediator of inflammation?
  1. A
    Bradykinin
  2. B
    Complement
  3. C
    Histamine
  4. D
    Nitric oxide
Question 49Single Answer
The process by which leukocytes are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical signals is called:
  1. A
    Diapedesis
  2. B
    Phagocytosis
  3. C
    Chemotaxis
  4. D
    Margination
Question 50Single Answer
The passage of leukocytes through the walls of blood vessels into the interstitial tissue is called:
  1. A
    Chemotaxis
  2. B
    Margination
  3. C
    Diapedesis (or extravasation)
  4. D
    Phagocytosis
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