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Objective Questions

Latest ICMR Scientist B Non Medical Exam Question (Objective Questions), MCQ in English

Subjects : Subject Related, Logical reasoning, General Knowledge & English language aptitude

Question Bank ICMR Scientist B (Non-Medical) Exam - English
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Subject Related

Question 1Single Answer
Which study design is most appropriate for generating hypotheses about rare diseases?
  1. A
    Case report or case series
  2. B
    Case-control study
  3. C
    Randomized Controlled Trial
  4. D
    Prospective cohort study
Question 2Single Answer
A study that describes the occurrence of a disease in a population without testing any hypothesis is classified as?
  1. A
    Analytical observational
  2. B
    Descriptive observational
  3. C
    Experimental
  4. D
    Quasi-experimental
Question 3Single Answer
In a cross-sectional study, the main limitation is inability to establish?
  1. A
    Prevalence
  2. B
    Sample size
  3. C
    Temporality (cause preceding effect)
  4. D
    Response rate
Question 4Single Answer
Which observational design is best suited to study multiple outcomes from a single exposure?
  1. A
    Case-control study
  2. B
    Cross-sectional study
  3. C
    Prospective cohort study
  4. D
    Retrospective cohort study
Question 5Single Answer
The design in which exposed and unexposed groups are followed over time to compare incidence of disease is called?
  1. A
    Case-control
  2. B
    Ecological
  3. C
    Cross-sectional
  4. D
    Cohort study
Question 6Single Answer
A major advantage of case-control studies is that they are particularly efficient for investigating?
  1. A
    Rare diseases/outcomes
  2. B
    Rare exposures
  3. C
    Common diseases
  4. D
    Multiple exposures
Question 7Single Answer
Which study design is most prone to recall bias?
  1. A
    Retrospective case-control
  2. B
    Prospective cohort
  3. C
    Randomized controlled trial
  4. D
    Cross-sectional survey
Question 8Single Answer
In a randomized controlled trial, randomization is primarily done to?
  1. A
    Ensure equal sample sizes
  2. B
    Reduce selection bias and balance known and unknown confounders
  3. C
    Increase external validity
  4. D
    Decrease cost of the trial
Question 9Single Answer
Blinding in RCTs is mainly used to reduce?
  1. A
    Allocation bias
  2. B
    Performance bias and detection bias
  3. C
    Attrition bias
  4. D
    Reporting bias
Question 10Single Answer
A quasi-experimental design differs from a true RCT mainly because it lacks?
  1. A
    Control group
  2. B
    Intervention
  3. C
    Outcome measurement
  4. D
    Random allocation of participants to groups
Question 11Single Answer
Field trials are most commonly used to evaluate?
  1. A
    Therapeutic interventions in hospitals
  2. B
    Diagnostic test accuracy
  3. C
    Public health interventions or vaccines in community settings
  4. D
    Prognostic factors
Question 12Single Answer
Which study design is considered the gold standard for establishing causality in clinical research?
  1. A
    Case-control study
  2. B
    Randomized controlled trial
  3. C
    Cohort study
  4. D
    Cross-sectional study
Question 13Single Answer
A study that collects data on exposure and outcome at the same point in time is called?
  1. A
    Prospective cohort
  2. B
    Cross-sectional
  3. C
    Retrospective cohort
  4. D
    Case-control
Question 14Single Answer
The ecological fallacy is most likely to occur in which type of study design?
  1. A
    Individual-level cohort study
  2. B
    Case series
  3. C
    Randomized controlled trial
  4. D
    Ecological study
Question 15Single Answer
In a nested case-control study, controls are selected from?
  1. A
    Different geographic area
  2. B
    General population
  3. C
    Hospital records only
  4. D
    The same cohort in which cases arise
Question 16Single Answer
Which design is most appropriate when the research question is "What is the prevalence of hypertension among adults aged 30-60 years in urban India"?
  1. A
    Case-control study
  2. B
    Cross-sectional survey
  3. C
    Prospective cohort
  4. D
    RCT
Question 17Single Answer
The main strength of prospective cohort studies is their ability to?
  1. A
    Avoid recall bias completely
  2. B
    Study rare diseases efficiently
  3. C
    Establish temporality and calculate incidence rates
  4. D
    Require very small sample size
Question 18Single Answer
Quasi-experimental designs are most useful when?
  1. A
    Randomization is unethical or impractical
  2. B
    Sample size is very large
  3. C
    Outcome is rare
  4. D
    Exposure is common
Question 19Single Answer
A before-after study without a control group is an example of?
  1. A
    True experimental design
  2. B
    Observational cohort
  3. C
    Quasi-experimental design
  4. D
    Case series
Question 20Single Answer
Which study design is most suitable for evaluating the efficacy of a new vaccine in preventing a disease in a community?
  1. A
    Case-control study
  2. B
    Randomized field trial
  3. C
    Cross-sectional survey
  4. D
    Retrospective cohort
Question 21Single Answer
Selection of study design should primarily be guided by?
  1. A
    Sample size calculation alone
  2. B
    Availability of funding only
  3. C
    Researcher preference
  4. D
    The research question and feasibility
Question 22Single Answer
When the objective is to test the effectiveness of a drug under ideal conditions, the most appropriate design is?
  1. A
    Pragmatic trial
  2. B
    Case series
  3. C
    Observational cohort
  4. D
    Explanatory RCT
Question 23Single Answer
When the objective is to test the effectiveness of an intervention under real-world conditions, the best design is?
  1. A
    Explanatory RCT
  2. B
    Case-control
  3. C
    Pragmatic RCT
  4. D
    Cross-sectional
Question 24Single Answer
The main limitation of case series is?
  1. A
    High cost
  2. B
    Lack of comparison group
  3. C
    Long follow-up
  4. D
    Large sample size
Question 25Single Answer
In a matched case-control study, matching is done to control for?
  1. A
    Recall bias
  2. B
    Selection bias
  3. C
    Confounding variables
  4. D
    Measurement bias
Question 26Single Answer
Which design allows direct calculation of relative risk?
  1. A
    Prospective cohort study
  2. B
    Cross-sectional study
  3. C
    Case-control study
  4. D
    Retrospective case-control
Question 27Single Answer
Odds ratio is a good approximation of relative risk when the disease is?
  1. A
    Acute
  2. B
    Common
  3. C
    Rare
  4. D
    Chronic
Question 28Single Answer
The Hawthorne effect is most likely to occur in?
  1. A
    Observational studies without blinding
  2. B
    RCTs without placebo
  3. C
    Retrospective studies
  4. D
    Studies where participants change behavior because they know they are being observed
Question 29Single Answer
Allocation concealment in RCTs is done to prevent?
  1. A
    Detection bias
  2. B
    Performance bias
  3. C
    Selection bias
  4. D
    Attrition bias
Question 30Single Answer
Intention-to-treat analysis in RCTs primarily preserves?
  1. A
    Sample size
  2. B
    Per-protocol purity
  3. C
    Statistical power
  4. D
    Randomization and pragmatic effectiveness estimate
Question 31Single Answer
Which design is least suitable for studying etiology of a rare congenital malformation?
  1. A
    Case-control study
  2. B
    Cross-sectional
  3. C
    Prospective cohort
  4. D
    RCT
Question 32Single Answer
A cluster-randomized trial is most appropriate when?
  1. A
    Individual randomization is easy
  2. B
    The intervention is applied at group level (school, village, hospital ward)
  3. C
    Outcome is rare
  4. D
    Blinding is possible
Question 33Single Answer
The ecological study design is useful for?
  1. A
    Proving causality
  2. B
    Generating hypotheses about associations at population level
  3. C
    Individual risk estimation
  4. D
    Rare disease etiology
Question 34Single Answer
Which study design is best for investigating a new outbreak with unknown cause?
  1. A
    Randomized trial
  2. B
    Cross-sectional prevalence survey
  3. C
    Case-control study
  4. D
    Prospective cohort
Question 35Single Answer
The main advantage of retrospective cohort studies is?
  1. A
    Strong temporality
  2. B
    Quick results and use of existing records
  3. C
    No selection bias
  4. D
    Low cost always
Question 36Single Answer
Loss to follow-up is a major threat to validity in?
  1. A
    Prospective cohort studies
  2. B
    Cross-sectional studies
  3. C
    Case-control studies
  4. D
    Ecological studies
Question 37Single Answer
Which design has the highest level of evidence for therapeutic interventions?
  1. A
    Single RCT
  2. B
    Systematic review of RCTs
  3. C
    Cohort study
  4. D
    Case-control study
Question 38Single Answer
Quasi-experimental interrupted time series design is useful when?
  1. A
    Blinding possible
  2. B
    Rare outcome
  3. C
    Small sample
  4. D
    Randomization is not feasible but multiple time points are available
Question 39Single Answer
A community-based field trial of a new vaccine is an example of?
  1. A
    Phase IV post-marketing study
  2. B
    Observational study
  3. C
    Phase II dose-finding trial
  4. D
    Phase III efficacy trial
Question 40Single Answer
When randomization is impossible and ethical concerns exist, the most suitable design is often?
  1. A
    Case series
  2. B
    RCT
  3. C
    Quasi-experimental or observational analytic study
  4. D
    Ecological
Question 41Single Answer
The design best suited to study the natural history of a disease is?
  1. A
    Prospective cohort study
  2. B
    Case-control
  3. C
    Cross-sectional
  4. D
    RCT
Question 42Single Answer
Which design is most prone to Neyman bias (incidence-prevalence bias)?
  1. A
    Case-control
  2. B
    Prospective cohort
  3. C
    Cross-sectional study
  4. D
    RCT
Question 43Single Answer
Berkson's bias is most likely to occur in?
  1. A
    Hospital-based case-control studies
  2. B
    Community cohort studies
  3. C
    RCTs
  4. D
    Field trials
Question 44Single Answer
Which design is most suitable for studying the long-term adverse effects of a drug after marketing?
  1. A
    Phase II trial
  2. B
    Phase I trial
  3. C
    Post-marketing surveillance cohort study
  4. D
    Cross-sectional survey
Question 45Single Answer
In RCTs, the term "per-protocol analysis" refers to?
  1. A
    Only completers
  2. B
    All randomized participants
  3. C
    Analysis of participants who fully adhered to the assigned intervention
  4. D
    Dropouts only
Question 46Single Answer
Which observational design has the highest ability to establish temporality?
  1. A
    Cross-sectional
  2. B
    Retrospective case-control
  3. C
    Prospective cohort
  4. D
    Ecological
Question 47Single Answer
A stepped-wedge cluster randomized design is particularly useful when?
  1. A
    It is unethical to withhold the intervention from any cluster
  2. B
    Randomization is easy
  3. C
    Blinding is required
  4. D
    Sample size is small
Question 48Single Answer
Which study design is most appropriate for assessing diagnostic test accuracy?
  1. A
    Cross-sectional study comparing test results with gold standard
  2. B
    Cohort study
  3. C
    Case-control
  4. D
    RCT
Question 49Single Answer
The main purpose of pilot studies before a large RCT is to?
  1. A
    Establish efficacy
  2. B
    Test feasibility, acceptability, and refine procedures
  3. C
    Prove causality
  4. D
    Calculate sample size only
Question 50Single Answer
Non-inferiority RCTs are most commonly used when?
  1. A
    Equivalence is not important
  2. B
    Superiority is expected
  3. C
    The new intervention is expected to be no worse than standard by a pre-defined margin
  4. D
    Placebo is used
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