Spreading themselves across networks without user action
C
Encrypting documents
D
Monitoring keystrokes
Question 19Single Answer
The IT Act of India was first enacted in?
A
1995
B
2000
C
2008
D
2015
Question 20Single Answer
Amendments to the IT Act include provisions against?
A
Intellectual property only
B
Cyber harassment and identity theft
C
Import tariffs
D
Online education
Question 21Single Answer
Which principle states you should only access data you’re authorized for?
A
Least Privilege
B
Need to Know
C
Role-based access
D
Separation of duties
Question 22Single Answer
Responsible use of tech respecting others' privacy is part of?
A
Cyber ethics
B
Network design
C
Data mining
D
Cloud architecture
Question 23Single Answer
Denial-of-service attacks compromise which part of CIA?
A
Confidentiality
B
Integrity
C
Availability
D
All of the above
Question 24Single Answer
Ethical hacking involves?
A
Illegal network scanning
B
Authorized attempts to find and fix vulnerabilities
C
Writing malware
D
Distributing spyware
Question 25Single Answer
What does GDPR in Europe protect?
A
Corporate taxation
B
Personal data privacy
C
Cybercrime punishments
D
Intellectual property
Question 26Single Answer
Non-repudiation ensures?
A
Data is backed up
B
Sender cannot deny sending a message
C
Files are encrypted
D
System uptime
Question 27Single Answer
IT Act Section 66A was struck down because it violated?
A
Free trade
B
Free speech
C
Privacy
D
Currency rules
Question 28Single Answer
Cyber law enforcement includes which Indian agency?
A
TRAI
B
CERT-In
C
SEBI
D
RBI
Question 29Single Answer
Which offence does the IT Act cover?
A
Trespassing physical property
B
Hacking
C
Intellectual property
D
Narcotics
Question 30Single Answer
Cyber defamation involves?
A
Physical violence
B
Publishing harmful false statements online
C
Unauthorized encryption
D
Downloading music
Question 31Single Answer
What is phishing mainly classified as?
A
Network intrusion
B
Social engineering
C
Hardware attack
D
Encryption hack
Question 32Single Answer
Data integrity can be verified using?
A
Firewalls
B
Checksums or hashes
C
Antivirus
D
VLAN segmentation
Question 33Single Answer
Integrity violation can occur via?
A
Eavesdropping
B
Unauthorized tampering
C
Backup failure
D
Slow network
Question 34Single Answer
Which type of malware disguises as legitimate software?
A
Ransomware
B
Trojan horse
C
Worm
D
Botnet
Question 35Single Answer
Botnets consist of?
A
Individual malware
B
Network of compromised devices under control
C
Single infected computer
D
Encrypted files
Question 36Single Answer
Insider threats come from?
A
External hackers
B
Authorized users abusing access
C
Network failures
D
Hardware errors
Question 37Single Answer
Two-factor authentication strengthens which principle?
A
Integrity
B
Confidentiality
C
Availability
D
Non-repudiation
Question 38Single Answer
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) help with?
A
Faster internet
B
Secure encrypted connection
C
Data backup
D
CPU efficiency
Question 39Single Answer
What is a honeypot in cyber security?
A
Secure firewall
B
Decoy system to trap attackers
C
Malware signature
D
Encryption key
Question 40Single Answer
Which tool tests web application vulnerabilities?
A
Wireshark
B
Nmap
C
Burp Suite
D
Git
Question 41Single Answer
Tokenization in data security replaces?
A
Encryption algorithms
B
Sensitive data with non-sensitive placeholders
C
Entire databases
D
Network packets
Question 42Single Answer
A public key cryptosystem uses?
A
Symmetric keys only
B
Asymmetric key pairs
C
No keys
D
Password only
Question 43Single Answer
SSL/TLS protocols ensure?
A
Faster downloads
B
Secure network communications
C
Better compression
D
Firewall configuration
Question 44Single Answer
A digital certificate verifies?
A
User permissions
B
Identity of website/server
C
Network device settings
D
Virtual machine health
Question 45Single Answer
Black-hat hackers are known for?
A
Ethical testing
B
Malicious hacking
C
Government services
D
Firewall certification
Question 46Single Answer
Spyware does which of the following?
A
Monitors user behavior
B
Encrypts files
C
Wipes disks
D
Mines cryptocurrency only
Question 47Single Answer
Packet sniffing is used to?
A
Encrypt data
B
Capture and inspect network traffic
C
Destroy data packets
D
Increase bandwidth
Question 48Single Answer
Wireshark is a popular tool for?
A
Firewall management
B
Packet analysis
C
Virus removal
D
Web hosting
Question 49Single Answer
Nmap is used for?
A
Web design
B
Network scanning and vulnerability assessment
C
Malware infection
D
Data backup
Question 50Single Answer
A firewall is used to?
A
Prevent SQL injection
B
Filter network traffic
C
Encrypt databases
D
Monitor CPU usage
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Subject Related Question
Question 51Single Answer
IDS stands for?
A
Integrated Development System
B
Intrusion Detection System
C
Internet Data Service
D
Internal Device Security
Question 52Single Answer
IPS differs from IDS because IPS can?
A
Only alert administrators
B
Actively block attacks
C
Monitor outdoor systems
D
Only log packets
Question 53Single Answer
VPNs can prevent?
A
Malware execution
B
Eavesdropping on network communications
C
Drive-by downloads
D
SQL injections
Question 54Single Answer
What is network segmentation used for?
A
Combine VLANs
B
Isolate network traffic for security
C
Increase signal strength
D
Merge subnets
Question 55Single Answer
A botnet-infected computer is called?
A
Slave node
B
Root server
C
Honeypot
D
DNS server
Question 56Single Answer
A DMZ (demilitarized zone) in network design is used to?
A
Encrypt internal data
B
Host public services securely
C
Place IoT devices
D
Filter internal email
Question 57Single Answer
A zero-day vulnerability is one?
A
Discovered and patched
B
Known only by attackers, no patch available
C
That affects old systems only
D
Fixed by antivirus
Question 58Single Answer
Patch management ensures?
A
Software is visually appealing
B
Vulnerabilities are fixed promptly
C
File backups
D
Bandwidth control
Question 59Single Answer
Public key encryption supports?
A
Data compression
B
Secure key distribution
C
Faster CPU
D
Longer passwords
Question 60Single Answer
SSL/TLS uses which key for encryption?
A
Symmetric session key
B
Master password
C
Plain text only
D
Public key only
Question 61Single Answer
Which law focuses on computer crimes in India?
A
Income Tax Act
B
IT Act 2000
C
Public Safety Act
D
Indian Penal Code
Question 62Single Answer
Digital forensics investigates?
A
Website design
B
Cybercrime evidence on devices
C
Network speed only
D
Operating system updates
Question 63Single Answer
A secure OS environment often uses?
A
Single user accounts
B
Sandboxing to isolate apps
C
No firewalls
D
Open source only
Question 64Single Answer
Role-based access control assigns permissions based on?
A
User roles
B
Software version
C
File size
D
Network topology
Question 65Single Answer
Which is a characteristic of ransomware?
A
Sends spam emails
B
Encrypts user data for ransom
C
Logs keystrokes
D
Redirects browser
Question 66Single Answer
What is token-based authentication?
A
Uses hardware tokens or software tokens alongside passwords
B
Password only
C
Biometric only
D
Firewall only
Question 67Single Answer
A digital signature ensures?
A
Fast encryption
B
Non-repudiation and authenticity
C
Data compression
D
Faster CPU
Question 68Single Answer
Which attack forces users to reveal credentials by impersonating a site?
A
Sniffing
B
Phishing
C
DDoS
D
SQL injection
Question 69Single Answer
What is an example of IoT attack?
A
Buffer overflow
B
Botnet exploiting unsecured webcams
C
Spam filtering
D
SMTP injection
Question 70Single Answer
Which malware type encrypts disk sectors?
A
Trojan
B
Ransomware
C
Adware
D
Spyware
Question 71Single Answer
A brute-force attack attempts?
A
Phishing users
B
Trying all possible combinations
C
Encrypting files
D
Sending spam
Question 72Single Answer
CAPTCHA systems prevent?
A
Data theft
B
Automated bots
C
DDoS
D
Malware attacks
Question 73Single Answer
Email spoofing is used to?
A
Block spam
B
Trick recipients into thinking email is legit
C
Encrypt messages
D
Improve delivery speed
Question 74Single Answer
Two-factor authentication typically uses?
A
Password + security question
B
Password + mobile OTP
C
Password only
D
Fingerprint only
Question 75Single Answer
A sandbox environment is used to?
A
Host public servers
B
Test untrusted code safely
C
Store confidential docs
D
Deploy patch updates
Question 76Single Answer
What is mutual TLS?
A
One-way certificate exchange
B
Both client and server authenticate via certificates
C
No encryption
D
Only server-authenticated
Question 77Single Answer
SSL stripping attacks target?
A
Physical hardware
B
Downgrading HTTPS to HTTP
C
Mobile apps
D
Firewalls
Question 78Single Answer
A honeynet is?
A
A network of honeypots monitoring attackers
B
Encrypted database
C
Wireless network
D
Antivirus software
Question 79Single Answer
In secure coding, input validation prevents?
A
Fat images
B
Attacks like SQL injection and XSS
C
Slow performance
D
DDoS
Question 80Single Answer
Security updates should be installed?
A
Rarely
B
As soon as possible
C
Only monthly
D
Only yearly
Question 81Single Answer
What is the main goal of a penetration test?
A
Definitively close all vulnerabilities
B
Identify exploitable weaknesses
C
Backup data
D
Optimize code performance
Question 82Single Answer
Social engineering attacks exploit?
A
Software bugs
B
Human psychology
C
Router configurations
D
Cloud servers
Question 83Single Answer
A sandboxed PDF viewer helps prevent?
A
XSS
B
PDF-based exploits from affecting system
C
SQL injection
D
DNS attacks
Question 84Single Answer
A cold site in disaster recovery refers to?
A
Fully operational backup site
B
Unprepared backup requiring setup
C
Mirror of data center
D
Cold storage only
Question 85Single Answer
Hot site differs from cold site because hot site is?
A
Not used for backup
B
Always ready for immediate use
C
Inactive
D
Only stores backups offline
Question 86Single Answer
Risk assessment in cyber security evaluates?
A
CPU usage
B
Likelihood and impact of threats
C
Email usage
D
No logs
Question 87Single Answer
Social media disclosure of sensitive data may lead to?
A
Better marketing
B
Corporate espionage and fraud
C
Faster connections
D
Free storage
Question 88Single Answer
Data encryption at rest secures?
A
Data during transmission
B
Stored data on drives
C
CPU registers
D
API endpoints
Question 89Single Answer
Key escrow involves?
A
Destroying keys
B
Storing keys in a third-party vault
C
Sharing passwords publicly
D
Encrypting backups
Question 90Single Answer
Privilege escalation occurs when?
A
User slow down CPU
B
User gains higher access through exploit
C
User logs in
D
Admin resets password
Question 91Single Answer
What is “defense in depth”?
A
One strong firewall
B
Multiple overlapping security layers
C
Single antivirus
D
Cold storage only
Question 92Single Answer
DevSecOps integrates security into?
A
Network only
B
Development and operations pipelines
C
Physical servers only
D
HR processes only
Question 93Single Answer
Outdated software increases?
A
Security posture
B
Vulnerability to known exploits
C
Backup speed
D
Encryption strength
Question 94Single Answer
Cyber security awareness training often includes?
A
Coding classes
B
Identifying phishing emails
C
Legal advice
D
Appliance repair
Question 95Single Answer
Which model is commonly used to describe protocols at different network layers?
A
OSI model
B
TCP/IP model
C
Hybrid model
D
Peer-to-peer model
Question 96Single Answer
Which layer in TCP/IP is responsible for delivering packets end-to-end?
A
Application layer
B
Transport layer
C
Network layer
D
Data link layer
Question 97Single Answer
TCP ensures reliable data transmission using?
A
UDP
B
Checksums only
C
Acknowledgements and retransmissions
D
Multicast
Question 98Single Answer
Which device operates at Layer 3 of the OSI model?
A
Hub
B
Switch
C
Router
D
Repeater
Question 99Single Answer
A switch primarily forwards frames based on?
A
IP address
B
MAC address
C
Port number
D
Packet size
Question 100Single Answer
A hub differs from a switch by being?
A
Smarter
B
Collision domain splitter
C
Broadcast device forwarding to all ports
D
Packet inspection tool
Question 101Single Answer
Which device segments collision domains but not broadcast domains?
A
Router
B
Hub
C
Switch
D
Gateway
Question 102Single Answer
What is the main function of the Internet Protocol (IP)?
A
Error checking
B
Routing and addressing packets
C
Encrypting data
D
Establishing sessions
Question 103Single Answer
ARP is used to map?
A
IP to domain
B
Domain to IP
C
IP to MAC
D
MAC to application
Question 104Single Answer
DHCP protocol dynamically assigns?
A
MAC addresses
B
IP addresses
C
Domain names
D
File permissions
Question 105Single Answer
DNS translates from?
A
IP to MAC
B
Hostnames to IP addresses
C
TCP to UDP
D
HTTP to HTTPS
Question 106Single Answer
HTTPS adds encryption via?
A
TCP
B
SSL/TLS
C
UDP
D
FTP
Question 107Single Answer
SMTP is used to?
A
Transfer files
B
Send email
C
Access websites
D
Ping hosts
Question 108Single Answer
FTP is used for?
A
Email retrieval
B
File transfer
C
Secure network management
D
Domain name resolution
Question 109Single Answer
ICMP is used primarily for?
A
Data encryption
B
Network diagnostics (e.g., ping, traceroute)
C
File systems
D
Application communication
Question 110Single Answer
Which IP class is used for large networks and has default mask /8?
A
Class A
B
Class B
C
Class C
D
Class D
Question 111Single Answer
CIDR notation /24 corresponds to which subnet mask?
A
255.0.0.0
B
255.255.0.0
C
255.255.255.0
D
255.255.255.255
Question 112Single Answer
A subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 allows how many usable hosts?
A
254
B
256
C
252
D
128
Question 113Single Answer
VLANs help divide physical network into?
A
Multiple collision domains
B
Single broadcast domain
C
Multiple broadcast domains
D
No networks
Question 114Single Answer
Which protocol secures remote shell access?
A
Telnet
B
SSH
C
FTP
D
SNMP
Question 115Single Answer
TLS primarily secures data at which layer?
A
Network
B
Session and Transport
C
Physical
D
Presentation only
Question 116Single Answer
SMTP uses port number?
A
22
B
25
C
80
D
443
Question 117Single Answer
DNS over HTTPS (DoH) secures name resolution using?
A
IPSec
B
TLS
C
SSL only
D
Plain text
Question 118Single Answer
HTTPS uses port number?
A
80
B
443
C
8080
D
20
Question 119Single Answer
The OSI layer equivalent to TCP/IP's Link layer is?
A
Network
B
Data Link + Physical
C
Transport
D
Presentation
Question 120Single Answer
Defense-in-depth means?
A
Single firewall layer
B
Multiple overlapping security measures
C
Only endpoint protection
D
Disable backups
Question 121Single Answer
Zero Trust Architecture assumes?
A
All internal networks are trusted
B
Continuous verification of every access request
C
No encryption needed
D
One-time validation only
Question 122Single Answer
Eavesdropping refers to?
A
Malware
B
Unauthorized interception of traffic
C
SQL attack
D
Denial-of-service
Question 123Single Answer
Packet sniffing allows?
A
Data encryption
B
Capturing network traffic
C
Blocking ports
D
Application deployment
Question 124Single Answer
IP spoofing sends packets with?
A
Correct MAC
B
Forged source IP addresses
C
Random payload
D
Encrypted signatures
Question 125Single Answer
ARP spoofing attacks which network protocol?
A
DNS
B
Address Resolution Protocol
C
TCP
D
UDP
Question 126Single Answer
Session hijacking allows attacker to?
A
Redirect file transfer
B
Take over active user session
C
Send spam
D
Encrypt network packets
Question 127Single Answer
DHCP starvation attack floods DHCP server with fake requests to exhaust?
A
IP address pool
B
Credentials
C
MAC addresses
D
DNS table
Question 128Single Answer
A SYN flood is a type of?
A
Malware infection
B
DoS attack
C
Injection attack
D
Phishing
Question 129Single Answer
Smurf attack involves sending ICMP echoes to?
A
Routers
B
Broadcast address with spoofed source
C
FTP servers
D
SMTP relay
Question 130Single Answer
Amplification attack increases traffic by exploiting?
A
Server CPU
B
Vulnerable UDP services
C
Secure HTTP
D
SSH tunnels
Question 131Single Answer
DNS cache poisoning changes DNS entries to?
A
Encrypt messages
B
Redirect users to malicious sites
C
Boost security
D
Improve speed
Question 132Single Answer
MAC flooding attack overloads switch’s memory with?
A
ICMP packets
B
Fake MAC addresses
C
DNS requests
D
HTTP data
Question 133Single Answer
Rogue DHCP server provides?
A
Secure IP
B
Wrong network configurations
C
Static routing
D
Gateway redundancy
Question 134Single Answer
What is a buffer overflow attack?
A
Trying all passwords
B
Sending excessive data to exploit memory
C
Capturing packets
D
SQL threat
Question 135Single Answer
A cross-site request forgery (CSRF) exploits?
A
User’s browser session
B
SQL database
C
DNS cache
D
Network cards
Question 136Single Answer
WPA2 is a standard for securing?
A
Ethernet cables
B
Wireless networks
C
VPN tunnels
D
Web applications
Question 137Single Answer
Which cipher mode provides both confidentiality and integrity?
A
ECB
B
CBC
C
GCM
D
CTR
Question 138Single Answer
A DMZ in network architecture is?
A
The secure internal network
B
The exposed network zone between external and internal
C
Backup servers
D
Encrypted storage
Question 139Single Answer
NAC (Network Access Control) enforces?
A
Packet filtering
B
Policy for devices connecting to network
C
DNS mapping
D
Router configuration
Question 140Single Answer
WPA3 improves security by introducing?
A
Pre-shared keys only
B
SAE for stronger authentication
C
Open access
D
Static IP addressing
Question 141Single Answer
WPA2 uses what encryption algorithm?
A
WEP
B
AES
C
DES
D
RSA
Question 142Single Answer
MAC layer 802.1X is used for?
A
Fiber optic routing
B
Port-based authentication
C
DNS resolution
D
IP routing
Question 143Single Answer
IPsec secures IP communication using?
A
MAC addresses
B
Encryption and authentication at IP layer
C
Foreign DNS
D
SMTP protocols
Question 144Single Answer
ESP in IPsec stands for?
A
Encapsulating Security Payload
B
Encrypted Session Protocol
C
Enhanced Security Process
D
External Security Pass
Question 145Single Answer
AH in IPsec provides?
A
Confidentiality
B
Authentication only
C
Compression
D
Key exchange
Question 146Single Answer
TLS uses which handshake protocol?
A
UDP only
B
TLS handshake with key exchange
C
FTP
D
ARP
Question 147Single Answer
A root CA signs certificates so clients can?
A
Change encryption
B
Validate lineage of trust
C
Disable TLS
D
Encrypt emails only
Question 148Single Answer
HSTS enforces?
A
Download speed
B
HTTPS-only connections
C
File uploads
D
Packet size limit
Question 149Single Answer
Certificate pinning helps prevent?
A
Buffer overflow
B
MitM using fraudulent certificates
C
Routing loops
D
Network splits
Question 150Single Answer
Packet-filtering firewall makes decisions based on?
