निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
नव उपभोक्ता संस्कृति ने पूरे विश्व को खोखली यथार्थवादी सोच दी है। सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद ने तो हद ही कर दी। यह सांस्कृतिक उपनिवेशवाद बड़े राष्ट्रों और छोटे राष्ट्रों, धनी राष्ट्रों और गरीब राष्ट्रों एवं विकसित राष्ट्रों और विकासशील राष्ट्रों के बीच में ही रखा तरबूज नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक राष्ट्र और समाज के भीतर पनपता नया स्वकेन्द्रित यथार्थ भी है। मनुष्य की अँजुरी में सहेजे भाव, मुट्ठी भर राख हो गए। कोई आदर्श सुरक्षित नहीं बचा। स्वार्थ के बेखौफ बौखलायेपन ने सम्बन्धों, मूल्यों और संवेदनाओं की जड़ों में अँगारे दाब दिए। पहले के समाज में स्वार्थ न रहा हो, उपभोक्ता न रहा हो, ऐसी बात नहीं है, पर वे लोग मनुष्य पहले थे, उपभोक्ता बाद में। खाते समय कोई आ जाए और घर में यदि और भोजन न हो, तो अपनी थाली में से ही थोड़ा - सा उस भूखे को देने की बात कही गई है। पुराने समय में लोग ऐसा करते भी रहे हैं। इसे नैतिकता भले ही कहे, पहले तो यह मनुष्यता रही है। मनुष्य के सौन्दर्य - बोध और संवेदना का परिष्कार और विस्तार तो होना ही चाहिए। अपनी जरूरतों के साथ दूसरों की जरूरतों का ध्यान और उनकी पूर्ति में समान और समभाव भी व्यक्ति को एक तरह से सांसारिक संयासी ही बनाता है। संकीर्णता, तुच्छता, ढोग और डायनपने से बाहर निकलकर मानवता की उच्चतर जमीन पाना, मुक्ति की रातरानी के देश में पहुँच जाना है। जहाँ बुद्ध, कबीर और गाँधी पहूच सके थे।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
भारतेन्दु युग मात्र साहित्यिक युग ही नहीं, अपितु स्वतन्त्रता एवं राष्ट्रीय जागरण का युग बोध कराने वाला युगदृष्ट्रा का युग था। महात्मा गाँधी के लिए यही प्रेरक युग कहा जाना पत्रकारिता का शाश्वत सत्य होगा।
स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के लिए राजनेताओं को जितना संघर्ष करना पड़ा, उससे तनिक भी कम संघर्ष पत्रों और पत्रकारों को नहीं करना पड़ा। बुद्धिजीवियों, ऋषियों की मौन साधना, तपस्या और त्याग इतिहास की धरोहर हैं, जिसे मात्र साहित्य तक सीमित नहीं रखा जाना चाहिए, बल्कि स्वतन्त्रता की बलिवेदी पर आहूति करने वालों को श्रृंखलाबद्ध समूह के रूप मे भी माना जाना चाहिए।
तकनीकी रूप में प्रारम्भिक पत्रकार स्वयं रिपोर्टर, लिपिक, प्रूफरीडर, पैकर, प्रिण्टर, सम्पादक एवं वितरक भी थे। क्रूरता, अन्याय, क्षोभ, विरोध, क्लेश एवं गतिरोध उनकी दिनचर्या थी, फिर भी वे अटल थे, अडिग थे, क्योंकि उनके समक्ष एक लक्ष्य था। वे देशभक्त थे। देशभक्ति के समक्ष सभी अवरोधों, प्रतिरोधों एवं बाधक विचारों का खण्डन उनका उद्देश्य था।

निर्देश :  दिए गए गद्यांश को ध्यान से पढिए और उसके आधार पर पूछे गए प्रश्नो के यथोचित उत्तर दीजिए ?
भारतेन्दु युग मात्र साहित्यिक युग ही नहीं, अपितु स्वतन्त्रता एवं राष्ट्रीय जागरण का युग बोध कराने वाला युगदृष्ट्रा का युग था। महात्मा गाँधी के लिए यही प्रेरक युग कहा जाना पत्रकारिता का शाश्वत सत्य होगा।
स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन के लिए राजनेताओं को जितना संघर्ष करना पड़ा, उससे तनिक भी कम संघर्ष पत्रों और पत्रकारों को नहीं करना पड़ा। बुद्धिजीवियों, ऋषियों की मौन साधना, तपस्या और त्याग इतिहास की धरोहर हैं, जिसे मात्र साहित्य तक सीमित नहीं रखा जाना चाहिए, बल्कि स्वतन्त्रता की बलिवेदी पर आहूति करने वालों को श्रृंखलाबद्ध समूह के रूप मे भी माना जाना चाहिए।
तकनीकी रूप में प्रारम्भिक पत्रकार स्वयं रिपोर्टर, लिपिक, प्रूफरीडर, पैकर, प्रिण्टर, सम्पादक एवं वितरक भी थे। क्रूरता, अन्याय, क्षोभ, विरोध, क्लेश एवं गतिरोध उनकी दिनचर्या थी, फिर भी वे अटल थे, अडिग थे, क्योंकि उनके समक्ष एक लक्ष्य था। वे देशभक्त थे। देशभक्ति के समक्ष सभी अवरोधों, प्रतिरोधों एवं बाधक विचारों का खण्डन उनका उद्देश्य था।

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Did you know that there is a fiber that is as flexible and lightweight as nylon yet five times stronger than steel ? Did you know that this fabric is resistant to temperatures higher than 500°F ? Did you know that a woman invented this fiber ? This miraculous fabric is called Kevlar and it is used to make everything from body armor to musical instruments.
The year was 1964. There were gasoline shortages due to conflict in the Middle East. A Polish - American chemist named Stephanie Louise Kwolek was working for DuPont, an American Chemical Company. She and her group were trying to make a lightweight, yet durable fibre to be used in tires. Lighter tires would allow vehicles to get better gas mileage, but the tires had to be strong enough to resist the wear and tear of the road. They had been working on the problem for some time and had little success, until Kwolek had a breakthrough.
Kwolek and her group were synthesizing or creating fibres to test. During one of the steps in the process, Kwolek created a milky white solution by mixing two chemicals that were often used in the process. This solution was usually thrown away, but Kwolek convinced one of the technicians to help her test it. They were amazed to discover that the fabric that Kwolek had created was not only more durable than nylon, it was more durable than steel.
Kwolek had invented Kevlar. Kevlar is a remarkable fabric known for its strength and durability. Since its invention it has found its way into a wide variety of products. Kevlar is used in sporting equipment like bike tires, bowstrings and tennis racquets. It is used in musical instruments like drum heads, reeds and speaker cones. And it is used in protective gear like motorcycle safety jackets, gloves and shoes. However, Kevlar is best known for its ability to stop bullets.
Richard Armellino created the first Kevlar bulletproof vest in 1975. It contained 15 layers of Kevlar, which could stop handgun and shotgun bullets. The vest also had a steel plate over the heart, which made the vest strong enough to stop rifle rounds. Vests like Armellino's were quickly picked up by police forces and it is estimated that by 1990, half of all police officers in America wore bulletproof vests daily. By 2006, there were over 2,000 documented police vest 'saves', or instances where officers were protected from deadly wounds by wearing bulletproof vests.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Did you know that there is a fiber that is as flexible and lightweight as nylon yet five times stronger than steel ? Did you know that this fabric is resistant to temperatures higher than 500°F ? Did you know that a woman invented this fiber ? This miraculous fabric is called Kevlar and it is used to make everything from body armor to musical instruments.
The year was 1964. There were gasoline shortages due to conflict in the Middle East. A Polish - American chemist named Stephanie Louise Kwolek was working for DuPont, an American Chemical Company. She and her group were trying to make a lightweight, yet durable fibre to be used in tires. Lighter tires would allow vehicles to get better gas mileage, but the tires had to be strong enough to resist the wear and tear of the road. They had been working on the problem for some time and had little success, until Kwolek had a breakthrough.
Kwolek and her group were synthesizing or creating fibres to test. During one of the steps in the process, Kwolek created a milky white solution by mixing two chemicals that were often used in the process. This solution was usually thrown away, but Kwolek convinced one of the technicians to help her test it. They were amazed to discover that the fabric that Kwolek had created was not only more durable than nylon, it was more durable than steel.
Kwolek had invented Kevlar. Kevlar is a remarkable fabric known for its strength and durability. Since its invention it has found its way into a wide variety of products. Kevlar is used in sporting equipment like bike tires, bowstrings and tennis racquets. It is used in musical instruments like drum heads, reeds and speaker cones. And it is used in protective gear like motorcycle safety jackets, gloves and shoes. However, Kevlar is best known for its ability to stop bullets.
Richard Armellino created the first Kevlar bulletproof vest in 1975. It contained 15 layers of Kevlar, which could stop handgun and shotgun bullets. The vest also had a steel plate over the heart, which made the vest strong enough to stop rifle rounds. Vests like Armellino's were quickly picked up by police forces and it is estimated that by 1990, half of all police officers in America wore bulletproof vests daily. By 2006, there were over 2,000 documented police vest 'saves', or instances where officers were protected from deadly wounds by wearing bulletproof vests.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Did you know that there is a fiber that is as flexible and lightweight as nylon yet five times stronger than steel ? Did you know that this fabric is resistant to temperatures higher than 500°F ? Did you know that a woman invented this fiber ? This miraculous fabric is called Kevlar and it is used to make everything from body armor to musical instruments.
The year was 1964. There were gasoline shortages due to conflict in the Middle East. A Polish - American chemist named Stephanie Louise Kwolek was working for DuPont, an American Chemical Company. She and her group were trying to make a lightweight, yet durable fibre to be used in tires. Lighter tires would allow vehicles to get better gas mileage, but the tires had to be strong enough to resist the wear and tear of the road. They had been working on the problem for some time and had little success, until Kwolek had a breakthrough.
Kwolek and her group were synthesizing or creating fibres to test. During one of the steps in the process, Kwolek created a milky white solution by mixing two chemicals that were often used in the process. This solution was usually thrown away, but Kwolek convinced one of the technicians to help her test it. They were amazed to discover that the fabric that Kwolek had created was not only more durable than nylon, it was more durable than steel.
Kwolek had invented Kevlar. Kevlar is a remarkable fabric known for its strength and durability. Since its invention it has found its way into a wide variety of products. Kevlar is used in sporting equipment like bike tires, bowstrings and tennis racquets. It is used in musical instruments like drum heads, reeds and speaker cones. And it is used in protective gear like motorcycle safety jackets, gloves and shoes. However, Kevlar is best known for its ability to stop bullets.
Richard Armellino created the first Kevlar bulletproof vest in 1975. It contained 15 layers of Kevlar, which could stop handgun and shotgun bullets. The vest also had a steel plate over the heart, which made the vest strong enough to stop rifle rounds. Vests like Armellino's were quickly picked up by police forces and it is estimated that by 1990, half of all police officers in America wore bulletproof vests daily. By 2006, there were over 2,000 documented police vest 'saves', or instances where officers were protected from deadly wounds by wearing bulletproof vests.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Did you know that there is a fiber that is as flexible and lightweight as nylon yet five times stronger than steel ? Did you know that this fabric is resistant to temperatures higher than 500°F ? Did you know that a woman invented this fiber ? This miraculous fabric is called Kevlar and it is used to make everything from body armor to musical instruments.
The year was 1964. There were gasoline shortages due to conflict in the Middle East. A Polish - American chemist named Stephanie Louise Kwolek was working for DuPont, an American Chemical Company. She and her group were trying to make a lightweight, yet durable fibre to be used in tires. Lighter tires would allow vehicles to get better gas mileage, but the tires had to be strong enough to resist the wear and tear of the road. They had been working on the problem for some time and had little success, until Kwolek had a breakthrough.
Kwolek and her group were synthesizing or creating fibres to test. During one of the steps in the process, Kwolek created a milky white solution by mixing two chemicals that were often used in the process. This solution was usually thrown away, but Kwolek convinced one of the technicians to help her test it. They were amazed to discover that the fabric that Kwolek had created was not only more durable than nylon, it was more durable than steel.
Kwolek had invented Kevlar. Kevlar is a remarkable fabric known for its strength and durability. Since its invention it has found its way into a wide variety of products. Kevlar is used in sporting equipment like bike tires, bowstrings and tennis racquets. It is used in musical instruments like drum heads, reeds and speaker cones. And it is used in protective gear like motorcycle safety jackets, gloves and shoes. However, Kevlar is best known for its ability to stop bullets.
Richard Armellino created the first Kevlar bulletproof vest in 1975. It contained 15 layers of Kevlar, which could stop handgun and shotgun bullets. The vest also had a steel plate over the heart, which made the vest strong enough to stop rifle rounds. Vests like Armellino's were quickly picked up by police forces and it is estimated that by 1990, half of all police officers in America wore bulletproof vests daily. By 2006, there were over 2,000 documented police vest 'saves', or instances where officers were protected from deadly wounds by wearing bulletproof vests.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Did you know that there is a fiber that is as flexible and lightweight as nylon yet five times stronger than steel ? Did you know that this fabric is resistant to temperatures higher than 500°F ? Did you know that a woman invented this fiber ? This miraculous fabric is called Kevlar and it is used to make everything from body armor to musical instruments.
The year was 1964. There were gasoline shortages due to conflict in the Middle East. A Polish - American chemist named Stephanie Louise Kwolek was working for DuPont, an American Chemical Company. She and her group were trying to make a lightweight, yet durable fibre to be used in tires. Lighter tires would allow vehicles to get better gas mileage, but the tires had to be strong enough to resist the wear and tear of the road. They had been working on the problem for some time and had little success, until Kwolek had a breakthrough.
Kwolek and her group were synthesizing or creating fibres to test. During one of the steps in the process, Kwolek created a milky white solution by mixing two chemicals that were often used in the process. This solution was usually thrown away, but Kwolek convinced one of the technicians to help her test it. They were amazed to discover that the fabric that Kwolek had created was not only more durable than nylon, it was more durable than steel.
Kwolek had invented Kevlar. Kevlar is a remarkable fabric known for its strength and durability. Since its invention it has found its way into a wide variety of products. Kevlar is used in sporting equipment like bike tires, bowstrings and tennis racquets. It is used in musical instruments like drum heads, reeds and speaker cones. And it is used in protective gear like motorcycle safety jackets, gloves and shoes. However, Kevlar is best known for its ability to stop bullets.
Richard Armellino created the first Kevlar bulletproof vest in 1975. It contained 15 layers of Kevlar, which could stop handgun and shotgun bullets. The vest also had a steel plate over the heart, which made the vest strong enough to stop rifle rounds. Vests like Armellino's were quickly picked up by police forces and it is estimated that by 1990, half of all police officers in America wore bulletproof vests daily. By 2006, there were over 2,000 documented police vest 'saves', or instances where officers were protected from deadly wounds by wearing bulletproof vests.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Did you know that there is a fiber that is as flexible and lightweight as nylon yet five times stronger than steel ? Did you know that this fabric is resistant to temperatures higher than 500°F ? Did you know that a woman invented this fiber ? This miraculous fabric is called Kevlar and it is used to make everything from body armor to musical instruments.
The year was 1964. There were gasoline shortages due to conflict in the Middle East. A Polish - American chemist named Stephanie Louise Kwolek was working for DuPont, an American Chemical Company. She and her group were trying to make a lightweight, yet durable fibre to be used in tires. Lighter tires would allow vehicles to get better gas mileage, but the tires had to be strong enough to resist the wear and tear of the road. They had been working on the problem for some time and had little success, until Kwolek had a breakthrough.
Kwolek and her group were synthesizing or creating fibres to test. During one of the steps in the process, Kwolek created a milky white solution by mixing two chemicals that were often used in the process. This solution was usually thrown away, but Kwolek convinced one of the technicians to help her test it. They were amazed to discover that the fabric that Kwolek had created was not only more durable than nylon, it was more durable than steel.
Kwolek had invented Kevlar. Kevlar is a remarkable fabric known for its strength and durability. Since its invention it has found its way into a wide variety of products. Kevlar is used in sporting equipment like bike tires, bowstrings and tennis racquets. It is used in musical instruments like drum heads, reeds and speaker cones. And it is used in protective gear like motorcycle safety jackets, gloves and shoes. However, Kevlar is best known for its ability to stop bullets.
Richard Armellino created the first Kevlar bulletproof vest in 1975. It contained 15 layers of Kevlar, which could stop handgun and shotgun bullets. The vest also had a steel plate over the heart, which made the vest strong enough to stop rifle rounds. Vests like Armellino's were quickly picked up by police forces and it is estimated that by 1990, half of all police officers in America wore bulletproof vests daily. By 2006, there were over 2,000 documented police vest 'saves', or instances where officers were protected from deadly wounds by wearing bulletproof vests.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
Man who is believed to have evolved from apes, is a curious mixture of varied motives. He is not only the subject of needs, but is also their creator. He not only seeks to satisfy his needs but also caters to his desire for beauty and grace. He is eager to satisfy his passion for more and more knowledge. Although in a general way, the maxim 'necessity is the mother of invention' is true, it is by no means the whole truth. Man is something much greater than an intelligent being using his intellect to make newer inventions from time to time.
He has within him a spirit which is ever exhorting him to cut down his needs and learn to be happy with what he has. The real purpose underlying this maxim lies in its utility in the worldly sense. It tells us to be up and doing, not to be passive in our attitude to life. It asks us not to remain slaves of old habits and ways of life. We must face the new situations with a creative mind. Every new difficulty, every new problem, which confronts us in life, can be tackled successfully with the spirit of inventiveness.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
The strength of Indian democracy lies in its tradition, in the fusion of the ideas of democracy and national independence which was characteristic of the Indian National Movement long before independence. (Although the British retained supreme authority over India until 1947, the provincial elections of 1937 provided real exercise in democratic practice before national independence). During the Pacific War, India was not overrun or seriously invaded by the Japanese and after the War was over, the transfer of power to a government of the Indian Congress Party was a peaceful one as far as Britain was concerned. By 1947, Indianisation' had already gone far in the Indian Civil Service and army, so that the new government could start with effective instruments of central control.
After independence, however, India was faced with two vast problems, the first, that of ethnic diversity and the aspirations of sub - nationalities. The Congress leadership was more aware of the former problem than of the second; as a new political elite which had rebelled not only against the British Raj, but also against India's social order; they were conscious of the need to initiate economic development and undertake social reforms, but as nationalists who had led a struggle against alien rule on behalf of all parts of India, they took the cohesion of the Indian nation too much for granted and underestimated the centrifugal forces of ethnic division, which were bound to be accentuated rather than diminished as the popular masses were more and more drawn into politics. The Congress Party was originally opposed to the idea of recognising any division of India on a linguistic basis and preferred to retain the old provinces of British India which often cut across linguistic boundaries; it was only in response to strong pressures from below that the Principle of Linguistic States was conceded as the basis of a federal 'Indian Union'. The rights granted to the States created new problems for the Central Government. The idea of making Hindi the National Language of a United India was thwarted by the recalcitrance of the speakers of other important Indian languages, and the autonomy of the States rendered central economic planning extremely difficult.
Land reforms remained under the control of the States and many large-scale economic projects required a degree of cooperation between the Central Government and one or more of the States which it was found impossible to achieve. Coordination of policies was difficult even when the Congress Party was in power both in the States and at the Centre; when a Congress Government in Delhi was confronted with Non-Congress parties in office in the States, it became much harder.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
The strength of Indian democracy lies in its tradition, in the fusion of the ideas of democracy and national independence which was characteristic of the Indian National Movement long before independence. (Although the British retained supreme authority over India until 1947, the provincial elections of 1937 provided real exercise in democratic practice before national independence). During the Pacific War, India was not overrun or seriously invaded by the Japanese and after the War was over, the transfer of power to a government of the Indian Congress Party was a peaceful one as far as Britain was concerned. By 1947, Indianisation' had already gone far in the Indian Civil Service and army, so that the new government could start with effective instruments of central control.
After independence, however, India was faced with two vast problems, the first, that of ethnic diversity and the aspirations of sub - nationalities. The Congress leadership was more aware of the former problem than of the second; as a new political elite which had rebelled not only against the British Raj, but also against India's social order; they were conscious of the need to initiate economic development and undertake social reforms, but as nationalists who had led a struggle against alien rule on behalf of all parts of India, they took the cohesion of the Indian nation too much for granted and underestimated the centrifugal forces of ethnic division, which were bound to be accentuated rather than diminished as the popular masses were more and more drawn into politics. The Congress Party was originally opposed to the idea of recognising any division of India on a linguistic basis and preferred to retain the old provinces of British India which often cut across linguistic boundaries; it was only in response to strong pressures from below that the Principle of Linguistic States was conceded as the basis of a federal 'Indian Union'. The rights granted to the States created new problems for the Central Government. The idea of making Hindi the National Language of a United India was thwarted by the recalcitrance of the speakers of other important Indian languages, and the autonomy of the States rendered central economic planning extremely difficult.
Land reforms remained under the control of the States and many large-scale economic projects required a degree of cooperation between the Central Government and one or more of the States which it was found impossible to achieve. Coordination of policies was difficult even when the Congress Party was in power both in the States and at the Centre; when a Congress Government in Delhi was confronted with Non-Congress parties in office in the States, it became much harder.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
The strength of Indian democracy lies in its tradition, in the fusion of the ideas of democracy and national independence which was characteristic of the Indian National Movement long before independence. (Although the British retained supreme authority over India until 1947, the provincial elections of 1937 provided real exercise in democratic practice before national independence). During the Pacific War, India was not overrun or seriously invaded by the Japanese and after the War was over, the transfer of power to a government of the Indian Congress Party was a peaceful one as far as Britain was concerned. By 1947, Indianisation' had already gone far in the Indian Civil Service and army, so that the new government could start with effective instruments of central control.
After independence, however, India was faced with two vast problems, the first, that of ethnic diversity and the aspirations of sub - nationalities. The Congress leadership was more aware of the former problem than of the second; as a new political elite which had rebelled not only against the British Raj, but also against India's social order; they were conscious of the need to initiate economic development and undertake social reforms, but as nationalists who had led a struggle against alien rule on behalf of all parts of India, they took the cohesion of the Indian nation too much for granted and underestimated the centrifugal forces of ethnic division, which were bound to be accentuated rather than diminished as the popular masses were more and more drawn into politics. The Congress Party was originally opposed to the idea of recognising any division of India on a linguistic basis and preferred to retain the old provinces of British India which often cut across linguistic boundaries; it was only in response to strong pressures from below that the Principle of Linguistic States was conceded as the basis of a federal 'Indian Union'. The rights granted to the States created new problems for the Central Government. The idea of making Hindi the National Language of a United India was thwarted by the recalcitrance of the speakers of other important Indian languages, and the autonomy of the States rendered central economic planning extremely difficult.
Land reforms remained under the control of the States and many large-scale economic projects required a degree of cooperation between the Central Government and one or more of the States which it was found impossible to achieve. Coordination of policies was difficult even when the Congress Party was in power both in the States and at the Centre; when a Congress Government in Delhi was confronted with Non-Congress parties in office in the States, it became much harder.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
The strength of Indian democracy lies in its tradition, in the fusion of the ideas of democracy and national independence which was characteristic of the Indian National Movement long before independence. (Although the British retained supreme authority over India until 1947, the provincial elections of 1937 provided real exercise in democratic practice before national independence). During the Pacific War, India was not overrun or seriously invaded by the Japanese and after the War was over, the transfer of power to a government of the Indian Congress Party was a peaceful one as far as Britain was concerned. By 1947, Indianisation' had already gone far in the Indian Civil Service and army, so that the new government could start with effective instruments of central control.
After independence, however, India was faced with two vast problems, the first, that of ethnic diversity and the aspirations of sub - nationalities. The Congress leadership was more aware of the former problem than of the second; as a new political elite which had rebelled not only against the British Raj, but also against India's social order; they were conscious of the need to initiate economic development and undertake social reforms, but as nationalists who had led a struggle against alien rule on behalf of all parts of India, they took the cohesion of the Indian nation too much for granted and underestimated the centrifugal forces of ethnic division, which were bound to be accentuated rather than diminished as the popular masses were more and more drawn into politics. The Congress Party was originally opposed to the idea of recognising any division of India on a linguistic basis and preferred to retain the old provinces of British India which often cut across linguistic boundaries; it was only in response to strong pressures from below that the Principle of Linguistic States was conceded as the basis of a federal 'Indian Union'. The rights granted to the States created new problems for the Central Government. The idea of making Hindi the National Language of a United India was thwarted by the recalcitrance of the speakers of other important Indian languages, and the autonomy of the States rendered central economic planning extremely difficult.
Land reforms remained under the control of the States and many large-scale economic projects required a degree of cooperation between the Central Government and one or more of the States which it was found impossible to achieve. Coordination of policies was difficult even when the Congress Party was in power both in the States and at the Centre; when a Congress Government in Delhi was confronted with Non-Congress parties in office in the States, it became much harder.

Direction : Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow by selecting the correct/most appropriate options.
The strength of Indian democracy lies in its tradition, in the fusion of the ideas of democracy and national independence which was characteristic of the Indian National Movement long before independence. (Although the British retained supreme authority over India until 1947, the provincial elections of 1937 provided real exercise in democratic practice before national independence). During the Pacific War, India was not overrun or seriously invaded by the Japanese and after the War was over, the transfer of power to a government of the Indian Congress Party was a peaceful one as far as Britain was concerned. By 1947, Indianisation' had already gone far in the Indian Civil Service and army, so that the new government could start with effective instruments of central control.
After independence, however, India was faced with two vast problems, the first, that of ethnic diversity and the aspirations of sub - nationalities. The Congress leadership was more aware of the former problem than of the second; as a new political elite which had rebelled not only against the British Raj, but also against India's social order; they were conscious of the need to initiate economic development and undertake social reforms, but as nationalists who had led a struggle against alien rule on behalf of all parts of India, they took the cohesion of the Indian nation too much for granted and underestimated the centrifugal forces of ethnic division, which were bound to be accentuated rather than diminished as the popular masses were more and more drawn into politics. The Congress Party was originally opposed to the idea of recognising any division of India on a linguistic basis and preferred to retain the old provinces of British India which often cut across linguistic boundaries; it was only in response to strong pressures from below that the Principle of Linguistic States was conceded as the basis of a federal 'Indian Union'. The rights granted to the States created new problems for the Central Government. The idea of making Hindi the National Language of a United India was thwarted by the recalcitrance of the speakers of other important Indian languages, and the autonomy of the States rendered central economic planning extremely difficult.
Land reforms remained under the control of the States and many large-scale economic projects required a degree of cooperation between the Central Government and one or more of the States which it was found impossible to achieve. Coordination of policies was difficult even when the Congress Party was in power both in the States and at the Centre; when a Congress Government in Delhi was confronted with Non-Congress parties in office in the States, it became much harder.