Question for MPPGCL Trade Apprentice 2026 - Quiz / Questions / MCQ

Objective Questions

Latest MPPGCL Trade Apprentice Exam Question (Objective Questions), MCQ in English

Subjects : General Aptitude, Mechanical

Question Bank MPPGCL Trade Apprentice Exam (Mechanical) - English

General Aptitude

Question 1Single Answer

The cash difference between the selling prices of an article at a profit of 4% and 6% is Rs. 3. The ratio of the two selling prices is:__________ ?

A
51:52
B
52:53
C
51:53
D
52:55

Question 2Single Answer

Which of the following numbers is irrational ?

A
√49
B
0.125
C
√2
D
22/7

Question 3Single Answer

356 x 936 – 356 x 836 = ?

A
35600
B
34500
C
9630
D
93600

Question 4Single Answer

Arrange in descending order: 5/8, 7/10, 3/4

A
3/4 > 7/10 > 5/8
B
7/10 > 3/4 > 5/8
C
3/4 > 5/8 > 7/10
D
5/8 > 7/10 > 3/4

Question 5Single Answer

What is (3^{^}{4} times 9^{^}{2}) ?

A
3⁶
B
3⁸
C
3¹⁰
D
9⁶

Question 6Single Answer

If 3⁴X^-2 = 729, then find the value of X.

Question 7Single Answer

Convert 0.6 into fraction ?

A
3/5
B
2/3
C
4/5

Question 8Single Answer

The no. plate of a bus had peculiarity. The bus number was a perfect square. It was also a perfect square when the plate numbers were reversed. The bus company had only five hundred buses numbered from 1 to 500. What was the number ?

A
169
B
36
C
196
D
Can not say

Question 9Single Answer

If a and b are positive integers, such that ab = 125, then (a-b)^a+b-4= ?

A
16
B
25
C
28
D
30

Question 10Single Answer

If x^*y = x² + y² – xy, then value of 9^*11 is

A
93
B
103
C
60.5
D
121

Question 11Single Answer

Which is greater ?

A
15/16
B
17/18
C
Equal
D
Cannot compare

Question 12Single Answer

If sum of two numbers is 42 and their product is 437, then find their difference.

Question 13Single Answer

Write the 44000 in Roman numerals

A
XLI
B
XLVI
C
XLIV
D
XLVIC

Question 14Single Answer

Convert 0.0909… into fraction ?

A
1/11
B
9/11
C
1/9
D
9/10

Question 15Single Answer

What is (98 times 102) ?

A
9996
B
10000
C
10096
D
10196

Question 16Single Answer

Which is smaller ?

A
9/11
B
7/9
C
Equal
D
Cannot compare

Question 17Single Answer

Convert 0.5777… into fraction ?

A
26/45
B
52/90
C
13/22
D
5/9

Question 18Single Answer

Convert 0.81 into fraction ?

A
81/100
B
9/10
C
8/9
D
9/11

Question 19Single Answer

(63)² – (12)² =?

A
3528
B
3852
C
3582
D
3825

Question 20Single Answer

Which is greater ?

A
13/17
B
11/14
C
Equal
D
Cannot compare

Mechanical

Question 21Single Answer

A fin will be more effective when Bio number is

A
Greater than 1
B
Equal to 1
C
Between 1 and 3
4 4
D
Less than 1

Question 22Single Answer

A tank of length, breadth and height in the ratio of 2:1:2 is full of water. The ratio of hydrostatic force at the bottom to that at any larger vertical surface is

Question 23Single Answer

Which of the following fluids exhibit a certain shear stress at zero shear strain rate followed by a straight line relationship between shear stress and shear strain rate?

A
Newtonian fluid
B
Ideal Bingham plastic fluids
C
Pseudo-plastic fluids
D
Dilatent fluids

Question 24Single Answer

What is the specific gravity of a marble stone, which weighs 400N in air, and 200N in water? (g=10m/s²)

Question 25Single Answer

What is the intensity of pressure in the following SI units, when specific gravity of mercury is 13.6 and the intensity of pressure is 400KPa ?

A
0.3 bar or 4.077m of water or 0.29 mm of Hg
B
4 bar or 5.077m of water or 0.399 mm of Hg
C
0.3 bar or 5.077m of water or 0.599 mm of Hg
D
4 bar or 4.077m of water or 0.299 mm of Hg

Question 26Single Answer

Consider the following statements:
1.If a small upward displacement is given to a floating body, it results in the reduction of the buoyant force acting on the body
2.A slight horizontal displacement does not change either the magnitude or the location of the buoyant force
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A
Both 1 and 2
B
1 only
C
2 only
D
Neither 1 nor 2

Question 27Single Answer

State whether following flow field is physically possible?

A
Possible for steady, incompressible flow
B
Possible for unsteady, incompressible flow
C
Possible for steady, compressible flow
D
Not Possible

Question 28Single Answer

In a differential manometer, a head of 0.5 m of fluid A in limb 1 is found to balance a head of 0.3 m of fluid B in limb 2. The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm of mercury. The ratio of specific gravities of A to B is

A
0.25
B
0.26
C
2
D
4

Question 29Single Answer

A Reversed Carnot Engine removes 50 kW from a heat sink. The temperature of the heat sink is 250 K and the temperature of the heat reservoir is 300 K. The power required of the engine is

A
10 kW
B
20 kW
C
30 kW
D
50 kW

Question 30Single Answer

On which of the following just in time manufacturing philosophy emphasizes ?

A
man power
B
profit
C
inventory
D
manufacturing

Question 31Single Answer

In a stream line steady flow, two points A and B on a stream line are 1m apart and the flow velocity varies uniformly from 2m/s to 5m/s. What is the acceleration of fluid at B?

A
3 m/s²
B
6 m/s²
C
9 m/s²
D
15 m/s²

Question 32Single Answer

The stream function is given by Ψ = 3xy, then the velocity at the point (2,3) is

A
9
B
-6
C
117
D
10.8

Question 33Single Answer

The boundary layer thickness at a given distance from the leading edge of a flat plate is

A
More for lighter fluid
B
More for denser fluid
C
Less for denser fluid
D
Less for lighter fluid

Question 34Single Answer

In a laminar flow through a circular pipe, the discharge varies

A
Linearly with fluid density
B
Inversely with pressure drop
C
Directly as square of pipe radius
D
Inversely with fluid velocity

Question 35Single Answer

A fluid is flowing over a flat plate. At distance of 8 cm from the leading edge, the Reynolds number is found to be 25600. The thickness of the boundary layer at this point is

A
1.5mm
B
2.5mm
C
4.0mm
D
5.0mm

Question 36Single Answer

Air is flowing over a flat plate with a free stream velocity of 24 m/s, and its kinematic viscosity is 72 ×10^-6m²/s. If at a particular point, the Reynolds number is 30000, its location from the leading edge is

A
0.05m
B
0.07m
C
0.08m
D
0.09m

Question 37Single Answer

In a refrigerator, the evaporator and condenser coil temperatures are –33°C and 27°C, respectively. Assuming that the maximum COP is realized, the required power input for a refrigerating effect of 4 kW is

A
8 kW
B
4 kW
C
2 kW
D
1 kW

Question 38Single Answer

In a hydraulic coupling

A
The magnitudes of input and output torques are equal
B
The magnitudes of input torque is greater than output torque
C
The magnitudes of input torque is less than output torque
D
The magnitudes of input torque is negligible as compared to output torque

Question 39Single Answer

Consider the following statements:
1.The wheel can be operated freely in air
2.Pressure at the exit of the nozzle is atmospheric
3.Pressure does not vary along the moving vanes
4.Change the direction of momentum imparts thrust over moving vanes Which of the following statements are applied to impulse turbine?

A
1,2 and 3 only
B
1,2 and 4 only
C
3 and 4 only
D
1,2, 3 and 4

Question 40Single Answer

A water jet 0.0015m²in area issues from a nozzle with 15 m/s velocity. It is made to impinge perpendicular on to a plate that moves away from the jet with a velocity of 5 m/s. The force on the plate due to this impact is

A
150 N
B
1470 N
C
340 N
D
900 N

Question 41Single Answer

Consider the following statements with regard to hydraulic turbines:
1.Kaplan turbines are most efficient at part load operations.
2.If n is the number of jets in a Pelton turbine, then the specific speed is proportional to n².
3.The flow ratio of Francis turbines are in the range of 0.1 – 0.3.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?

A
1,2 and 3
B
1 and 2 only
C
1 and 3 only
D
2 and 3 only

Question 42Single Answer

Which of the following is a Vector quantity ?

A
Energy
B
Mass
C
Momentum
D
Angle

Question 43Single Answer

Bernoulli’s equation is applicable between any two points located in

A
Rotational flow of an incompressible fluid
B
Irrotational flow of compressible or incompressible fluid
C
Steady, rotational flow of an incompressible fluid
D
Steady, irrotational flow of an incompressible fluid

Question 44Single Answer

Water flows through a smooth circular pipe of diameter D and length L because of a pressure difference ΔP across the length. The volume flow rate is Q and the flow is turbulent with Reynolds number 10⁵. If the pressure difference is increased to 4ΔP the volume flow rate will be

A
2Q
B
A little more than 2Q
C
A little less than 2Q
D
4Q

Question 45Single Answer

Heat is lost from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe placed horizontally in ambient air at 30°C. If the Nusselt number is 25 and the thermal conductivity of the air is 0.03 W/m K, then the heat transfer coefficient will be

A
7.5 W/m²K
B
15 W/m²K
C
25 W/m²K
D
35 W/m²K

Question 46Single Answer

For laminar flow through a round pipe, the shear stress

A
Remains constant over the cross-section
B
Varies linearly with the radial distance
C
Must be zero at all point
D
Varies parabolically with radial distance

Question 47Single Answer

Percentage clongation during tensile test is indicative of

A
Creep
B
Malleability
C
Ductility
D
Elasticity in the metal

Question 48Single Answer

Which of the above statements is not correct in the context of laminar flow through a pipeline?

A
Shear stress is zero at the center and varies linearly with pipe radius
B
Head loss is proportional to square of the average flow velocity
C
The friction factor varies inversely with flow Reynolds number
D
No dispersion of die injected into the flow stream

Question 49Single Answer

Laminar flow between closely spaced parallel plates is governed by the consideration of which one of the following pair of forces?

A
Pressure and inertial forces
B
Gravity and inertial forces
C
Viscous and inertial forces
D
Pressure and inertial forces

Question 50Single Answer

Formation and collapse of vapour bubbles are believed to be the root cause for cavitation in hydraulic turbines. Most favorable condition for the formation of bubbles is set in the turbine at

A
Penstock/nozzl
B
Guide vanes/Inlet of the runner
C
Vanes receiving impact of jet
D
Outlet of the runner/Entrance of the draft tube

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Mechanical

Question 51Single Answer

For fully developed laminar flow through a circular pipe with Reynolds number Rethe friction factor is

A
Inversely proportional to Re
B
Proportional to Re
C
Proportional to square of Re
D
Independent of Re

Question 52Single Answer

The ratio of power outlet of the pump to the power input to the pump is known as

A
Mechanical efficiency
B
Static efficiency
C
Overall efficiency
D
Manometric efficiency

Question 53Single Answer

A pump is defined as a device which converts

A
Hydraulic energy into Mechanical energy
B
Mechanical energy into Hydraulic energy
C
Kinetic energy into Mechanical energy
D
None of the above

Question 54Single Answer

The specific speed of a pump is defined as the speed of the unit of such a size that is

A
Delivers the unit discharge at unit head
B
Requires unit power to develop unit head
C
Delivers the unit discharge at unit power
D
Produces unit power with unit head available

Question 55Single Answer

Negative slip occurs in reciprocating pumps, when delivery pipe is

A
Long and suction pipe is short and pump is running atlow speed
B
Long and suction pipe is short and pump is running at high speed
C
Short and suction pipe is long and pump is running at low speed
D
Short and suction pipe is long and pump is running at high speed

Question 56Single Answer

The pressure inside a soap bubble of 50 mm diameter is 25 N/m² above the atmospheric pressure. The surface tension in soap film would be

A
0.156 N/m
B
0.313 N/m
C
0.624 N/m
D
0.078 N/m

Question 57Single Answer

A Newtonian fluid is one which

A
Is viscous but incompressible
B
Has a linear relationship between the shear stress and the rate of angular deflection
C
Exhibits an increase in viscosity with increasing rate of deformation
D
Exhibits a decrease in viscosity with increasing rate of deformation

Question 58Single Answer

Unlike the viscosity of fluids, the viscosity of gases increases with increasing temperature. This is due to

A
Increased cohesive force between the molecule
B
Increased momentum transfer in the molecules
C
Decreased momentum transfer in the molecules
D
Increase in both cohesive force and momentum transfer

Question 59Single Answer

Manometer is a device used for measuring

A
Velocity at a point in a fluid
B
Pressure at a point in a fluid
C
Discharge of a fluid
D
None of the above

Question 60Single Answer

When a dolphin glides through air, it experiences an external pressure of 0.75 m of mercury. The absolute pressure on dolphin when it is 5m below the free surface of the water is

A
0.10 N/m²
B
0.5 N/m²
C
1.0 N/m²
D
0.15 N/m²

Question 61Single Answer

Which of the above statements is correct?

A
For a floating body, the stable equilibrium condition exists when position of metacenter remains higher than the center of gravity of the body
B
For a floating body, the stable equilibrium condition exists when position of metacenter remains lower than the center of gravity of the body
C
For a floating body, the neutral equilibrium condition exists when position of metacenter remains higher than the center of gravity of the body
D
For a floating body, the unstable equilibrium condition exists when position of metacenter remains higher than the center of gravity of the body

Question 62Single Answer

A wall of 0.6m thickness has normal area of 1.5 m² and is made up of material of thermal conductivity 0.4 W/mK. If the temperature on the two sides of the wall are 800°C and 1000°C, the thermal resistance of the wall is

A
1.8 K/W
B
1.8 W/K
C
1 K/W
D
1 W/K

Question 63Single Answer

A flownet is a graphical representation of streamlines and euqipotnetial lines such as these lines

A
Intersect each other at various different angles forming irregular shaped nets
B
Intersect each other orthogonally forming curvilinearsquares
C
Indicate the direction but not magnitude of vector
D
Indicate the direction and magnitude of vector

Question 64Single Answer

Which of the above statements is correct for the velocity of potential?

A
Existence of velocity potential is an indication of irrotational nature of the flow
B
The velocity potential automatically satisfies the continuity equation
C
Velocity potential can be defined only for 2-dimensional flow
D
All of the above

Question 65Single Answer

Angle of diverging portion of the venturimeter is limited to 7°, because:
1.Flow decelerates in the diverging portion and pressure increases in the downstream direction. Hence, the fluid experience an adverse pressure gradient, if the divergence angle is large.
2 .Flow separation takes place due to adverse pressure gradient when divergence angle is large.
3 .If the divergence angle is large, a negative pressure is created at the throat which obstructs the flow of fluid.
Which of the above reasons are correct?

A
1, 2 and 3
B
1 and 2 only
C
1 and 3 only
D
2 and 3 only

Question 66Single Answer

A gas is flowing through an insulated nozzle. If the inlet velocity of gas is negligible and there is an enthalpy drop of 45kJ/kg, the velocity of gas leaving the nozzle is

A
100m/s
B
200m/s
C
300m/s
D
350m/s

Question 67Single Answer

Which of the above statements are correct for turbo-prop powered aircrafts?
1 .The propulsion efficiency of turbo-prop is higher than that of turbo-jet and rockets for low speeds up to about 800km/hr.
2.For the same thrust the turbine in the turbo prop aircraft is smaller than in the turbo-jet aircraft.
3.For the turbo-prop the flight velocity cannot exceed the jet velocity.

A
1,2 and 3
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1 and 3 only

Question 68Single Answer

If absolute jet exit velocity from a jet engine is 2800m/s and forward flight velocity is 1400m/s then propulsive efficiency is

A
33.33%
B
40%
C
66.66%
D
90%

Question 69Single Answer

An air-breathing aircraft is flying at an altitude where the air density is half the value at ground level. With reference to the ground level, the air fuel ratio at this altitude will be

A
1
2
B
1
C
2
D
4

Question 70Single Answer

Which of the above statements are correct for rockets?
1.Unlike the turbo-jet aircraft, in rockets the flight velocity can exceed the jet velocity.
2.In rockets gases having lower molecular weight increase the specific thrust.
3.In rockets the gases are expanded in the nozzle up to the atmospheric pressure.

A
1,2 and 3
B
1 and 2 only
C
2 and 3 only
D
1 and 3 only

Question 71Single Answer

In a differential manometer a head of 0.6m of fluid A in limb 1 is found to balance a head of 0.3m of fluid B in limb 2. The ratio of specific gravities of A to B is

A
2
B
0.5
C
0.3
D
0.18

Question 72Single Answer

At x = 0, the function f (x) = |x| will be

A
minimum
B
maximum
C
point of inflection
D
neither minimum nor maximum

Question 73Single Answer

The center of pressure of a plane submerged surface

A
Is a point on the submerged area at which the resultant hydrostatic force is supposed to act
B
Should always coincide within the center of submerged area
C
Should be at the center of gravity of the plane surface
D
Is always below the centroid of area

Question 74Single Answer

A furnace is provided with an insulating refractory lining. The overall thermal conductivity of the material is 0.03 W/mK. The thickness of the lining is 100 mm. The inner and outer temperatures are 250°C and 50°C, respectively. The heat loss to the surroundings will be

A
30 J/m²/s
B
60 J/m²/s
C
60 J/s
D
30 J/s

Question 75Single Answer

A piece of metal of specific gravity 7 floats in mercury of specific gravity 13.6, what fraction of its volume is under mercury?

A
0.5
B
0.4
C
0.515
D
Fully immersed

Question 76Single Answer

A right circular cylinder, open at the top, is filled with a liquid of specific gravity 1.2, and rotated about its vertical axis at such a speed that half of the liquid spills out. The pressure at the center of the bottom is

A
Zero
B
One-fourth its value when the cylinder was full
C
One-third its value when the cylinder was full
D
three-fourth its value when the cylinder was full

Question 77Single Answer

Consider the following statements about velocity potential:
1.Velocity potential is a vector function similar to stream function
2.It is a fully three dimensional function and not limited to two
coordinates
3.Velocity potential does not exist at stagnation points
4.Velocity potential exists only if the flow is irrotational
Which of the above statements are correct?

A
1, 2 and 3
B
1, 2 and 4
C
1, 3 and 4
D
2, 3 and 4

Question 78Single Answer

During a constant pressure expansion of a gas, 33.3% heat is converted into work while the temperature rises by 20 K. The specific heat of the gas at constant pressure as a proportion of work, W is

A
8%
B
10%
C
12%
D
15%

Question 79Single Answer

Principle mechanism of material removal in ECM?

A
Chemical corrosion
B
Ionic dissolution
C
Both (a) and (b)
D
Non of the above

Question 80Single Answer

The centre-line velocity in a pipe flow is 2m/s. What is the average flow velocity in the pipe if the Reynolds number of the flow is 800?

A
2 m/s
B
1.5 m/s
C
1 m/s
D
0.5 m/s

Question 81Single Answer

In flow through a pipe, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow does not depend on

A
Density of fluid
B
Length of pipe
C
Diameter of pipe
D
Velocity of the fluid

Question 82Single Answer

A 0.20m diameter pipe 20m long transports oil at a flow rate of0.01m³/s. Calculate power required to maintain flow if dynamic viscosity and density of oil is 0.08 Pas and 900 kg/m³ respectively

A
4.064 kW
B
3.074 kW
C
5.064 kW
D
4.074 kW

Question 83Single Answer

Pressure loss for laminar flow through pipeline is dependent

A
Inversely on flow of velocity
B
Directly on square of pipe radius
C
Directly on length of pipe
D
Inversely on viscosity of flowing medium

Question 84Single Answer

Fanno line is a flow in a constant area duct

A
With friction and heat transfer but in the absence of work
B
With friction and heat transfer accompanied by work
C
With friction but in the absence of heat transfer or work
D
Without friction but accompanied by heat transfer and work

Question 85Single Answer

In an adiabatic flow with friction through a constant area duct, the following phenomenon are predicted:
1.The flow downstream tends to be sonic irrespective of the Mach-number upstream
2.In the case of initially supersonic flow, any increase in duct length beyond choked flow would make the exit flow subsonic
3.In the case of initially subsonic flow, any increase in duct length will not change sonic flow at the exit
4.The optimum pipe length for sonic outlet in supersonic flow is considerably longer than that of subsonic flow for the same flow rate
Which of these are correct?

A
1,2,3 and 4
B
1,2 and 3 only
C
1,3 and 4 only
D
2,3 and 4 only

Question 86Single Answer

In a reciprocating pump, air vessels are used to

A
Smoothen the flow
B
Reduce suction head
C
Increase delivery head
D
Reduce acceleration head

Question 87Single Answer

Consider the following statements pertaining to centrifugal pumps:
1.The inlet to the impeller of a centrifugal pump is always axial, while the outlet may be radial or inclined.
2.The impeller may be shrouded on both sides with an eye at the centre and vanes curved backwards.
3.Impeller of double entry type has a balanced radial thrust.
4.Un-shrouded and part shrouded impeller are used only where high efficiency is unimportant.
Which of these statements are correct?

A
1,2,3 and 4
B
1,2 and 3 only
C
1,2 and 4 only
D
2,3 and 4 only

Question 88Single Answer

A centrifugal pump is fully primed, but on starting it fails to deliver fluid. Thr probable reasons are listed below:
1.Leaky foot valve or suction line
2.Suction head is very slow
3.Insufficient motor speed
4.Damaged or closed delivery valve
Which of these reasons are correct?

A
1,2,3 and 4
B
1,2 and 3 only
C
2,3 and 4 only
D
1,3 and 4 only

Question 89Single Answer

A centrifugal pump is to discharge 0.118 m³/s at speed of 1450 rpm against a head of 25m. The impeller diameter is 25cm, its width at outlet is 5cm and manometric efficiency is 75%. The vane angle at outer periphery of impeller is

A
56.77°C
B
59.77°C
C
61.77°C
D
48.77°C

Question 90Single Answer

A turbine is working under a head of 200m. The power developed by the turbine is 100kW and discharge through the turbine is 0.125 m³/s. In such case, the ratio of unit power to unit discharge for the turbine will be

A
4000
B
16000
C
160 × 10³
D
None of the above

Question 91Single Answer

Two geometrical similar pumps are running at 1000 rpm speed (both). If one pump has impeller diameter of 0.3m and discharges 20Ips against 20m head, and the other pump gives half of this discharge rate; calculate head and diameter of second pump

A
12.5m and 0.12m
B
10.5m and 0.12m
C
10.5m and 0.23m
D
12.5m and 0.23m

Question 92Single Answer

In a steady laminar flow of a given discharge through a circular pipe of diameter D, the head loss is proportional to

A
D^–1
B
D^–2
C
D^–3
D
D^–4

Question 93Single Answer

Frictional losses in the nozzle

A
Reduces the enthalpy of the fluid
B
increases the enthalpy of the fluid
C
no effect on the enthalpy of the fluid
D
None of the above

Question 94Single Answer

In a nozzle designed for maximum discharge conditions, the flow velocity in the convergent section of the nozzle is

A
Subsonic
B
Sonic
C
Supersonic
D
Depends on initial pressure and condition of the steam

Question 95Single Answer

In the centrifugal compressor, the work input is equal to the sum of

A
Pressure head, relative head and dynamic head
B
dynamic head, centrifugal head and relative head
C
Pressure head, centrifugal head and dynamic head
D
Pressure head, centrifugal head and relative head

Question 96Single Answer

For a centrifugal compressor with radial vanes, slip factor is the ratio of

A
Isentropic work to Euler work
B
Whirl velocity to the blade velocity at the impeller exit
C
Stagnation pressure to static pressure
D
Isentropic temperature rise to actual temperature rise

Question 97Single Answer

The specific speed of a centrifugal compressor is generally

A
Less than that of reciprocating compressor
B
Independent of compressor type, but depends only on size of compressor
C
Higher than that of axial compressor
D
More than specific speed of reciprocating compressor but less than axial compressor

Question 98Single Answer

In a centrifugal compressor, the highest Mach number leading to shock wave in the fluid flow occurs at

A
Diffuser inlet radius
B
Diffuser outlet radius
C
impeller inlet radius
D
impeller outlet radius

Question 99Single Answer

The rating of the fuse wire is always expressed in

A
Ampere-hours
B
Ampere-volts
C
KWH
D
Ampere

Question 100Single Answer

In an axial flow compressor, the ratio of pressure rise in the rotor blades to the pressure rise in the compressor in one stage is known as

A
Pressure coefficient
B
Work factor
C
Degree of reaction
D
Slip factor

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