Passage : The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's earliest urban societies, flourished in the Bronze Age, roughly from 3300 to 1300 BCE. Its core region lay in what is now Pakistan and northwest India. The civilization is renowned for its sophisticated urban planning, exemplified by cities like Mohenjo - daro and Harappa. These cities featured well-organized grid systems, advanced drainage and sanitation systems, and standardized brick construction. The inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization were skilled artisans, producing intricate pottery, seals, and metalwork. Their economy was based on agriculture, with evidence of wheat, barley, and cotton cultivation. Trade played a vital role, with evidence of connections to Mesopotamia and other regions. Despite their achievements, the Indus script remains undeciphered, leaving many aspects of their culture and language unknown. The civilization's decline, possibly due to climate change or tectonic shifts, led to its eventual abandonment.
The Indus Valley Civilization primarily existed during the: