Which of the following best explains the disease triangle in aquaculture pathology?
A
Host, pathogen, and environment
B
Nutrition, genetics, and feed
C
Water, plankton, and sediment
D
Growth, reproduction, and harvesting
Question 2Single Answer
What is the primary objective of fish pathology in aquaculture?
A
Preventing, diagnosing, and controlling diseases
B
Increasing market price
C
Improving fishing vessels
D
Enhancing ornamental fish color
Question 3Single Answer
Which stage generally initiates the disease development process in fish?
A
Pathogen exposure
B
Tissue regeneration
C
Complete recovery
D
Marketing stress
Question 4Single Answer
Which environmental factor most commonly predisposes cultured fish to infectious diseases?
A
Stable dissolved oxygen
B
Balanced nutrition
C
Poor water quality
D
Optimum stocking density
Question 5Single Answer
What is meant by morbidity in fish pathology?
A
Proportion of diseased fish
B
Number of fish harvested
C
Number of eggs produced
D
Feed conversion efficiency
Question 6Single Answer
Which term refers to the percentage of fish dying due to a disease?
A
Incidence
B
Morbidity
C
Mortality
D
Virulence index
Question 7Single Answer
Which component forms the first line of defense against pathogens in fish?
A
Kidney
B
Spleen
C
Liver
D
Skin and mucus
Question 8Single Answer
Which immune response acts immediately without prior exposure to pathogens?
A
Adaptive immunity
B
Innate immunity
C
Acquired immunity
D
Passive immunity
Question 9Single Answer
Which stress factor most frequently suppresses the immune system of cultured fish?
A
Proper feeding
B
Correct pH
C
Overcrowding
D
Suitable temperature
Question 10Single Answer
Which hormone is primarily associated with stress response in fish?
A
Cortisol
B
Insulin
C
Thyroxine
D
Calcitonin
Question 11Single Answer
What is the most common portal of pathogen entry into fish?
A
Gills
B
Eye lens
C
Swim bladder
D
Vertebral column
Question 12Single Answer
Which pathological change is characterized by an increase in cell size?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Atrophy
C
Necrosis
D
Hypertrophy
Question 13Single Answer
Which pathological process involves an increase in the number of cells?
A
Degeneration
B
Hyperplasia
C
Fibrosis
D
Necrosis
Question 14Single Answer
Which tissue response commonly occurs during chronic inflammation?
A
Fibrosis
B
Hemorrhage only
C
Immediate regeneration
D
Calcification only
Question 15Single Answer
Which type of inflammation is characterized by rapid onset and short duration?
A
Chronic inflammation
B
Granulomatous inflammation
C
Acute inflammation
D
Autoimmune inflammation
Question 16Single Answer
Which cell is mainly responsible for phagocytosis in fish?
A
Erythrocyte
B
Osteocyte
C
Macrophage
D
Myocyte
Question 17Single Answer
Which organ is considered a major hematopoietic organ in teleost fish?
A
Kidney
B
Stomach
C
Intestine
D
Pancreas
Question 18Single Answer
Which environmental parameter has the greatest influence on pathogen multiplication?
A
Pond shape
B
Water transparency
C
Water temperature
D
Fish color
Question 19Single Answer
Which disease stage follows successful pathogen invasion?
A
Incubation
B
Exposure
C
Recovery
D
Elimination
Question 20Single Answer
Which factor mainly determines the virulence of a pathogen?
A
Feed composition
B
Ability to cause disease
C
Fish age only
D
Water depth
Question 21Single Answer
What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to invade host tissues?
A
Nutrition
B
Infectivity
C
Regeneration
D
Adaptation
Question 22Single Answer
Which type of lesion is commonly observed in bacterial infections?
A
Egg enlargement
B
Fin elongation
C
Increased pigmentation only
D
Ulcer
Question 23Single Answer
Which shellfish tissue commonly accumulates pathogens from polluted water?
A
Exoskeleton
B
Mantle edge only
C
Digestive gland
D
Adductor muscle only
Question 24Single Answer
Which factor is least likely to contribute to disease outbreaks?
A
Sudden temperature fluctuations
B
Overstocking
C
Good biosecurity
D
Organic pollution
Question 25Single Answer
Which process describes the interaction between host resistance and pathogen virulence?
A
Food chain dynamics
B
Predator-prey interaction
C
Disease equilibrium
D
Reproductive cycle
Question 26Single Answer
Which fish organ produces mucus that protects against pathogens?
A
Skin epithelium
B
Liver
C
Heart
D
Swim bladder
Question 27Single Answer
Which inflammatory sign is most difficult to detect externally in fish?
A
Swelling
B
Pain
C
Redness
D
Hemorrhage
Question 28Single Answer
Which physiological response is commonly associated with chronic stress?
A
Enhanced immunity
B
Reduced disease susceptibility
C
Increased spawning
D
Immunosuppression
Question 29Single Answer
Which environmental condition favors opportunistic bacterial infections?
A
Stable ecosystem
B
Balanced feeding
C
Proper aeration
D
Organic matter accumulation
Question 30Single Answer
Which pathological term refers to irreversible cell death?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Hypertrophy
C
Metaplasia
D
Necrosis
Question 31Single Answer
Which fish defense mechanism involves antimicrobial peptides?
A
Digestion
B
Endocrine regulation
C
Osmoregulation
D
Innate immunity
Question 32Single Answer
Which organ plays a major role in antibody production in fish?
A
Eye
B
Gall bladder
C
Stomach
D
Spleen
Question 33Single Answer
Which water quality parameter directly affects ammonia toxicity?
A
Salinity alone
B
Turbidity
C
pH
D
Water color
Question 34Single Answer
Which stress factor is associated with transportation of fish?
A
Genetic stress
B
Handling stress
C
Nutritional enrichment
D
Thermal adaptation
Question 35Single Answer
Which pathological response follows tissue injury during inflammation?
A
Reproduction
B
Vascular changes
C
Pigment synthesis
D
Skeletal growth
Question 36Single Answer
Which process removes damaged cells during inflammation?
A
Phagocytosis
B
Photosynthesis
C
Filtration
D
Respiration
Question 37Single Answer
Which fish pathogen characteristic increases disease severity?
A
Low infectivity
B
Reduced survival
C
High virulence
D
Poor adaptability
Question 38Single Answer
Which factor primarily determines host susceptibility?
A
Harvest season
B
Pond area
C
Immune competence
D
Feed packaging
Question 39Single Answer
Which stage follows incubation during disease progression?
A
Clinical disease
B
Recovery
C
Prevention
D
Vaccination
Question 40Single Answer
Which environmental disturbance commonly precedes mass fish mortality?
A
Dissolved oxygen depletion
B
Proper liming
C
Adequate aeration
D
Stable temperature
Question 41Single Answer
Which pathological change indicates tissue degeneration?
A
Enhanced pigmentation
B
Normal mitosis
C
Cellular swelling
D
Fin regeneration
Question 42Single Answer
Which host factor enhances resistance to disease?
A
Balanced nutrition
B
Poor sanitation
C
Overstocking
D
Frequent handling
Question 43Single Answer
Which inflammatory mediator increases vascular permeability?
A
Histamine-like substances
B
Hemoglobin
C
Glycogen
D
Chitin
Question 44Single Answer
Which fish tissue regenerates rapidly after superficial injury?
A
Cartilage
B
Bone
C
Lens
D
Epidermis
Question 45Single Answer
Which condition increases pathogen transmission in ponds?
A
Proper quarantine
B
Low fish population
C
Regular grading
D
High stocking density
Question 46Single Answer
Which pathological examination involves naked-eye observation?
A
Cytopathology
B
Histopathology
C
Gross pathology
D
Molecular pathology
Question 47Single Answer
Which microscopic examination studies tissue architecture?
A
Epidemiology
B
Gross pathology
C
Histopathology
D
Toxicology
Question 48Single Answer
Which type of lesion is commonly associated with chronic disease?
A
Mucus secretion
B
Temporary edema
C
Minor abrasion
D
Granuloma
Question 49Single Answer
Which shellfish defense primarily depends on hemocytes?
A
Digestion
B
Skeletal growth
C
Photosynthesis
D
Cellular immunity
Question 50Single Answer
Which environmental stress most commonly impairs gill function?
A
Proper hardness
B
Correct alkalinity
C
Adequate calcium
D
Suspended solids
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Paper 2
Question 51Single Answer
Which pathological condition is characterized by localized accumulation of fluid in tissues?
A
Edema
B
Necrosis
C
Atrophy
D
Calcification
Question 52Single Answer
Which organ is primarily responsible for filtration of blood-borne pathogens in fish?
A
Swim bladder
B
Gall bladder
C
Intestine
D
Spleen
Question 53Single Answer
Which process enables fish leukocytes to migrate toward an infection site?
A
Calcification
B
Osmoregulation
C
Chemotaxis
D
Photosynthesis
Question 54Single Answer
Which environmental factor most strongly influences the oxygen demand of fish pathogens?
A
Water depth
B
Water temperature
C
Pond shape
D
Salinity alone
Question 55Single Answer
Which pathological finding commonly indicates septicemia in fish?
A
Enlarged fins only
B
Generalized hemorrhages
C
Increased scales
D
Eye pigmentation
Question 56Single Answer
Which fish organ is commonly examined for melanomacrophage centers during disease diagnosis?
A
Spleen
B
Gill cover
C
Swim bladder
D
Eye
Question 57Single Answer
Which stage of inflammation is associated with tissue repair?
A
Colonization
B
Exposure
C
Resolution
D
Invasion
Question 58Single Answer
Which factor increases susceptibility of shellfish to opportunistic infections?
A
Proper salinity
B
Environmental pollution
C
Balanced nutrition
D
Low stocking density
Question 59Single Answer
Which pathological process involves shrinkage of cells due to prolonged stress?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Hypertrophy
C
Atrophy
D
Dysplasia
Question 60Single Answer
Which defense molecule present in fish mucus possesses antibacterial activity?
A
Hemoglobin
B
Lysozyme
C
Albumin
D
Elastin
Question 61Single Answer
Which environmental stress commonly damages fish gill epithelium?
A
Moderate alkalinity
B
Adequate dissolved oxygen
C
Stable pH
D
High ammonia concentration
Question 62Single Answer
Which pathological lesion is most characteristic of chronic granulomatous inflammation?
A
Pigment enhancement
B
Fin regeneration
C
Scale shedding
D
Granuloma formation
Question 63Single Answer
Which immune cell is primarily involved in antigen presentation in fish?
A
Osteoblast
B
Erythrocyte
C
Macrophage
D
Chondrocyte
Question 64Single Answer
Which host response limits pathogen multiplication through elevated body defense mechanisms?
A
Digestive response
B
Reproductive response
C
Inflammatory response
D
Osmotic response
Question 65Single Answer
Which pathological feature indicates vascular injury?
A
Fin elongation
B
Muscle hypertrophy
C
Petechial hemorrhage
D
Increased pigmentation
Question 66Single Answer
Which fish organ is highly susceptible to toxic injury due to its detoxification function?
A
Heart
B
Liver
C
Swim bladder
D
Eye
Question 67Single Answer
Which mechanism prevents pathogen attachment to fish epithelial surfaces?
A
Bone formation
B
Mucus secretion
C
Scale pigmentation
D
Gill calcification
Question 68Single Answer
Which disease determinant reflects the number of pathogens required to establish infection?
A
Condition factor
B
Growth rate
C
Feed conversion ratio
D
Infectious dose
Question 69Single Answer
Which pathological response is associated with prolonged tissue oxygen deficiency?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Hypoxia
C
Fibrosis
D
Hyperemia
Question 70Single Answer
Which environmental event frequently precipitates disease outbreaks after heavy rainfall?
A
Uniform salinity
B
Stable dissolved oxygen
C
Constant temperature
D
Sudden water quality changes
Question 71Single Answer
Which fish defense system specifically recognizes previously encountered pathogens?
A
Digestive system
B
Endocrine system
C
Adaptive immune system
D
Skeletal system
Question 72Single Answer
Which inflammatory cell predominates during the early stage of acute inflammation?
A
Hepatocyte
B
Fibroblast
C
Neutrophil-like granulocyte
D
Osteocyte
Question 73Single Answer
Which factor mainly determines whether infection progresses to clinical disease?
A
Fish color
B
Pond size alone
C
Balance between host resistance and pathogen virulence
D
Harvest schedule
Question 74Single Answer
Which pathological process is reversible during early cellular injury?
A
Caseation
B
Liquefactive necrosis
C
Gangrene
D
Cellular degeneration
Question 75Single Answer
Which environmental stressor is directly linked with gas bubble disease?
A
Supersaturation of dissolved gases
B
Low alkalinity
C
Excess phosphorus
D
Reduced salinity
Question 76Single Answer
Which fish organ serves both excretory and immune functions?
A
Kidney
B
Gall bladder
C
Pancreas
D
Intestine
Question 77Single Answer
Which pathological feature commonly accompanies severe bacterial septicemia?
A
Enlarged spleen
B
Elongated fins
C
Thickened scales
D
Reduced pigmentation
Question 78Single Answer
Which host defense process destroys engulfed microorganisms inside phagocytes?
A
Mineralization
B
Glycolysis
C
Protein synthesis
D
Respiratory burst
Question 79Single Answer
Which environmental management practice minimizes disease transmission?
A
Overstocking ponds
B
Quarantine of new stock
C
Mixing all age groups
D
Excessive feeding
Question 80Single Answer
Which pathological term describes abnormal tissue discoloration due to blood leakage?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Ecchymosis
C
Hypertrophy
D
Metaplasia
Question 81Single Answer
Which shellfish immune component performs phagocytosis?
A
Shell matrix
B
Muscle fibers
C
Mantle cells
D
Hemocytes
Question 82Single Answer
Which environmental factor enhances fungal invasion of fish eggs?
A
Low stocking density
B
High dissolved oxygen
C
Proper incubation flow
D
Dead organic matter accumulation
Question 83Single Answer
Which pathological response follows persistent inflammation?
A
Immediate regeneration only
B
Scar tissue formation
C
Cell enlargement alone
D
Pigment synthesis
Question 84Single Answer
Which host defense protein binds iron and inhibits bacterial growth?
A
Transferrin
B
Keratin
C
Actin
D
Collagen
Question 85Single Answer
Which environmental condition favors rapid multiplication of many aquatic bacteria?
A
Elevated organic load
B
Crystal-clear water only
C
Low fish density
D
Constant aeration
Question 86Single Answer
Which pathological process is associated with programmed cell death?
A
Fibrosis
B
Hyperplasia
C
Apoptosis
D
Edema
Question 87Single Answer
Which factor most influences the incubation period of infectious diseases?
A
Pathogen dose and host resistance
B
Feed color
C
Pond shape
D
Water transparency
Question 88Single Answer
Which organ is frequently enlarged during systemic infections in fish?
A
Kidney
B
Eye
C
Swim bladder
D
Fin rays
Question 89Single Answer
Which inflammatory process restores tissue integrity after injury?
A
Tissue repair
B
Mineral deposition
C
Cell lysis
D
Degeneration
Question 90Single Answer
Which fish tissue provides an effective mechanical barrier against pathogens?
A
Cartilage
B
Lens
C
Vertebra
D
Epidermis
Question 91Single Answer
Which pathological lesion results from prolonged tissue ischemia?
A
Hypertrophy
B
Hyperplasia
C
Infarction
D
Hyperemia
Question 92Single Answer
Which stress-induced hormone suppresses inflammatory responses in fish?
A
Calcitonin
B
Estrogen
C
Melatonin
D
Cortisol
Question 93Single Answer
Which environmental parameter should be monitored continuously to reduce disease outbreaks?
A
Feed color
B
Pond fencing
C
Fish length
D
Dissolved oxygen
Question 94Single Answer
Which pathological examination requires fixation of tissue samples?
A
Histopathology
B
Gross inspection
C
Behavioral observation
D
External grading
Question 95Single Answer
Which immune response is activated immediately after tissue damage?
A
Innate inflammatory response
B
Secondary antibody response
C
Memory response
D
Passive immunity
Question 96Single Answer
Which environmental stress is caused by repeated netting and grading?
A
Genetic stress
B
Nutritional stress
C
Handling stress
D
Seasonal stress
Question 97Single Answer
Which pathological condition is characterized by excessive blood flow to tissues?
A
Necrosis
B
Atrophy
C
Hyperemia
D
Fibrosis
Question 98Single Answer
Which host characteristic most effectively reduces pathogen colonization?
A
Dark pigmentation
B
Large body size
C
Intact epithelial barrier
D
Long fins
Question 99Single Answer
Which pathological principle explains why healthy carriers may spread infection?
A
Sterile inflammation
B
Complete immunity
C
Subclinical infection
D
Physiological adaptation
Question 100Single Answer
Which factor is most critical for preventing stress-induced disease outbreaks in intensive aquaculture?
A
Frequent transportation
B
Increasing stocking density
C
Feeding irregularly
D
Maintaining optimal environmental conditions
Question 101Single Answer
Which pathological process describes the spread of a pathogen from the primary site to multiple organs?
A
Localization
B
Encapsulation
C
Tissue regeneration
D
Systemic dissemination
Question 102Single Answer
Which fish organ is considered the major secondary lymphoid organ involved in immune surveillance?
A
Swim bladder
B
Spleen
C
Gall bladder
D
Stomach
Question 103Single Answer
Which cellular event is the hallmark of reversible cell injury?
A
Complete lysis
B
Nuclear fragmentation
C
Cellular swelling
D
Caseous necrosis
Question 104Single Answer
Which component of fish mucus directly inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?
A
Hemocyanin
B
Lysozyme
C
Keratin
D
Chitin
Question 105Single Answer
Which factor is most likely to convert a latent infection into an active disease outbreak?
A
Proper aeration
B
Improved nutrition
C
Environmental stress
D
Low stocking density
Question 106Single Answer
Which pathological lesion is characterized by localized tissue softening caused by enzymatic digestion?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Coagulative necrosis
C
Liquefactive necrosis
D
Fibrosis
Question 107Single Answer
Which physiological response is commonly observed immediately after acute stress in fish?
A
Increased reproductive activity
B
Increased antibody production
C
Reduced heart rate
D
Elevated plasma cortisol
Question 108Single Answer
Which pathological feature indicates chronic inflammatory tissue repair?
A
Hyperemia alone
B
Immediate hemorrhage
C
Fibrous connective tissue proliferation
D
Scale pigmentation
Question 109Single Answer
Which fish tissue contains goblet cells responsible for mucus production?
A
Cartilage
B
Retina
C
Bone marrow
D
Epidermis
Question 110Single Answer
Which environmental condition most increases the toxicity of unionized ammonia?
A
High salinity only
B
Low pH and low temperature
C
High pH and high temperature
D
Low hardness only
Question 111Single Answer
Which pathological process involves migration of leukocytes through blood vessel walls?
A
Diapedesis
B
Osmosis
C
Filtration
D
Calcification
Question 112Single Answer
Which organ is most frequently examined for nephrocalcinosis in fish pathology?
A
Stomach
B
Heart
C
Eye
D
Kidney
Question 113Single Answer
Which host-pathogen interaction outcome results in asymptomatic carriage?
A
Subclinical infection
B
Hyperacute disease
C
Acute mortality
D
Sterile immunity
Question 114Single Answer
Which pathological change is characterized by replacement of one mature cell type with another?
A
Dysplasia
B
Hyperplasia
C
Metaplasia
D
Necrosis
Question 115Single Answer
Which inflammatory mediator primarily attracts phagocytic cells to damaged tissues?
A
Collagen
B
Albumin
C
Hemoglobin
D
Chemokines
Question 116Single Answer
Which shellfish defense mechanism mainly depends on encapsulation of invading organisms?
A
Hormonal regulation
B
Cellular immune response
C
Digestive secretion
D
Shell pigmentation
Question 117Single Answer
Which environmental factor most commonly increases pathogen persistence in pond sediments?
A
Proper liming
B
Moderate aeration
C
Stable alkalinity
D
Organic sludge accumulation
Question 118Single Answer
Which pathological finding is most suggestive of prolonged hypoxic injury?
A
Scale enlargement
B
Increased fin pigmentation
C
Lens opacity only
D
Gill epithelial hyperplasia
Question 119Single Answer
Which host factor provides species-specific resistance against certain pathogens?
A
Water depth
B
Feed texture
C
Pond area
D
Genetic makeup
Question 120Single Answer
Which pathological event immediately follows pathogen adhesion to host tissues?
A
Fibrosis
B
Recovery
C
Tissue invasion
D
Regeneration
Question 121Single Answer
Which inflammatory response limits the spread of infectious agents by surrounding them with immune cells?
A
Granuloma formation
B
Hyperemia
C
Vasoconstriction
D
Atrophy
Question 122Single Answer
Which environmental management practice reduces disease transmission between culture units?
A
Continuous water exchange between ponds
B
Shared equipment without disinfection
C
Strict biosecurity
D
Mixed-age stocking
Question 123Single Answer
Which pathological term refers to accumulation of inflammatory fluid within body cavities?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Effusion
C
Hypertrophy
D
Metastasis
Question 124Single Answer
Which fish immune organ is responsible for maturation of lymphoid cells in teleosts?
A
Swim bladder
B
Head kidney
C
Liver
D
Pancreas
Question 125Single Answer
Which environmental parameter is critical for preventing oxidative stress in cultured fish?
A
Bottom soil texture
B
Pond depth
C
Water color
D
Adequate dissolved oxygen
Question 126Single Answer
Which pathological condition results from prolonged deficiency of oxygen supply to tissues?
A
Ischemia
B
Hyperplasia
C
Calcification
D
Hypertrophy
Question 127Single Answer
Which fish defense protein activates complement-mediated destruction of pathogens?
A
Keratin
B
Complement proteins
C
Elastin
D
Fibrin
Question 128Single Answer
Which pathological examination is most useful for identifying microscopic inflammatory lesions?
A
Histopathological analysis
B
Gross visual examination
C
Behavioral observation
D
Morphometric assessment
Question 129Single Answer
Which host response is responsible for walling off persistent pathogens?
A
Hyperemia
B
Acute edema
C
Chronic granulomatous inflammation
D
Vasodilation only
Question 130Single Answer
Which stress factor commonly results from repeated grading and transportation?
A
Genetic adaptation
B
Nutritional supplementation
C
Handling stress
D
Hormonal balance
Question 131Single Answer
Which pathological lesion indicates rupture of small blood vessels beneath the skin?
A
Hyperplasia
B
Petechiae
C
Hypertrophy
D
Fibrosis
Question 132Single Answer
Which fish organ is most sensitive to dissolved oxygen depletion?
A
Kidney
B
Liver
C
Gills
D
Intestine
Question 133Single Answer
Which environmental condition favors rapid spread of infectious diseases in intensive aquaculture?
A
High stocking density
B
Low stocking density
C
Regular health monitoring
D
Quarantine procedures
Question 134Single Answer
Which pathological process occurs when inflammatory cells remove necrotic tissue?
A
Debridement by phagocytosis
B
Calcification
C
Hyperplasia
D
Metaplasia
Question 135Single Answer
Which defense mechanism provides immediate protection without immunological memory?
A
Innate immunity
B
Adaptive immunity
C
Passive vaccination
D
Secondary immune response
Question 136Single Answer
Which pathological feature is commonly associated with chronic bacterial infections?
A
Mild hyperemia only
B
Acute edema only
C
Temporary congestion
D
Fibrosis and granuloma
Question 137Single Answer
Which host characteristic primarily determines recovery following infection?
A
External body color
B
Immune competence
C
Fin length
D
Scale number
Question 138Single Answer
Which environmental stressor causes increased mucus secretion on fish gills?
A
Optimal feeding
B
Balanced mineral content
C
Proper alkalinity
D
Irritating pollutants
Question 139Single Answer
Which pathological process involves irreversible destruction of cellular architecture?
A
Atrophy
B
Hypertrophy
C
Hyperplasia
D
Necrosis
Question 140Single Answer
Which fish defense mechanism prevents pathogen attachment to epithelial cells?
A
Fat deposition
B
Bone mineralization
C
Muscle contraction
D
Mucosal barrier
Question 141Single Answer
Which inflammatory response is characterized by proliferation of fibroblasts?
A
Chronic inflammation
B
Acute inflammation
C
Immediate hypersensitivity
D
Hyperemia
Question 142Single Answer
Which pathological principle explains disease occurrence despite the presence of pathogens in healthy fish?
A
Feed quality alone determines disease
B
Water temperature alone determines disease
C
Host resistance exceeds pathogen virulence
D
Age is the only determinant
Question 143Single Answer
Which shellfish immune response depends mainly on circulating hemocytes?
A
Phagocytosis
B
Photosynthesis
C
Shell calcification
D
Osmoregulation
Question 144Single Answer
Which pathological observation is most indicative of septicemic disease?
A
Multifocal internal hemorrhages
B
Uniform scale growth
C
Increased pigmentation
D
Fin elongation
Question 145Single Answer
Which environmental factor should be corrected first during a sudden disease outbreak associated with fish gasping?
A
Pond embankment
B
Water transparency
C
Dissolved oxygen concentration
D
Soil texture
Question 146Single Answer
Which pathological stage follows tissue invasion during infectious disease progression?
A
Tissue regeneration
B
Complete healing
C
Pathogen multiplication
D
Fibrosis
Question 147Single Answer
Which fish defense component contains antimicrobial peptides effective against bacteria and fungi?
A
Eye lens
B
Swim bladder
C
Bone matrix
D
Skin mucus
Question 148Single Answer
Which pathological finding is characteristic of severe inflammatory vascular injury?
A
Extensive hemorrhage
B
Hyperplasia only
C
Atrophy alone
D
Cartilage formation
Question 149Single Answer
Which environmental management strategy best minimizes stress-induced immunosuppression?
A
Increasing stocking density
B
Maintaining stable water quality and minimizing handling
C
Frequent transport between ponds
D
Irregular feeding schedules
Question 150Single Answer
Which principle best summarizes the occurrence of disease in aquaculture systems?
A
Disease is determined solely by water temperature
B
Disease depends only on pathogen presence
C
Disease develops when susceptible hosts, virulent pathogens, and favorable environmental conditions interact simultaneously
D
Disease occurs only in genetically weak fish
Question 151Single Answer
Which organization maintains the list of internationally notifiable aquatic animal diseases?
A
FAO
B
ICAR
C
UNEP
D
OIE (WOAH)
Question 152Single Answer
Which viral disease of shrimp is caused by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)?
A
Vibriosis
B
Black Gill Disease
C
Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
D
White Spot Disease
Question 153Single Answer
Which virus belongs to the family Iridoviridae and causes serious disease in marine fish?
A
Reovirus
B
Nodavirus
C
Ranavirus
D
Megalocytivirus
Question 154Single Answer
Which disease is caused by Infectious Salmon Anaemia Virus (ISAV)?
A
Infectious Salmon Anaemia
B
Furunculosis
C
Columnaris Disease
D
Enteric Septicemia
Question 155Single Answer
Which bacterial genus is most commonly associated with Vibriosis in marine fish and shrimp?
A
Vibrio
B
Aeromonas
C
Edwardsiella
D
Streptococcus
Question 156Single Answer
Which bacterial disease is caused by Aeromonas hydrophila?
A
Lernaeasis
B
White Tail Disease
C
Saprolegniasis
D
Motile Aeromonas Septicemia
Question 157Single Answer
Which fungal pathogen commonly infects fish eggs?
A
Fusarium
B
Branchiomyces
C
Ichthyophonus
D
Saprolegnia
Question 158Single Answer
Which protozoan parasite causes White Spot Disease in freshwater fish?
A
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
B
Trichodina
C
Myxobolus
D
Hexamita
Question 159Single Answer
Which ectoparasitic crustacean is commonly known as the fish louse?
A
Caligus
B
Lernaea
C
Ergasilus
D
Argulus
Question 160Single Answer
Which parasite is commonly called the anchor worm?
A
Lernaea
B
Argulus
C
Gyrodactylus
D
Dactylogyrus
Question 161Single Answer
Which viral disease is responsible for severe mortalities in Asian seabass larvae?
A
Spring Viremia of Carp
B
White Spot Disease
C
Koi Herpesvirus Disease
D
Viral Nervous Necrosis
Question 162Single Answer
Which organ is primarily affected by Viral Nervous Necrosis?
A
Heart
B
Liver
C
Kidney
D
Brain and retina
Question 163Single Answer
Which bacterial pathogen causes Enteric Septicemia of Catfish?
A
Edwardsiella ictaluri
B
Aeromonas sobria
C
Vibrio vulnificus
D
Flavobacterium branchiophilum
Question 164Single Answer
Which disease is caused by Flavobacterium columnare?
A
Columnaris Disease
B
White Tail Disease
C
Furunculosis
D
Branchiomycosis
Question 165Single Answer
Which pathogen causes Furunculosis in salmonids?
A
Aeromonas salmonicida
B
Aeromonas hydrophila
C
Edwardsiella tarda
D
Vibrio harveyi
Question 166Single Answer
Which fungal disease produces cotton-like growth on fish skin?
A
Saprolegniasis
B
Ichthyophoniasis
C
Branchiomycosis
D
Cryptocaryoniasis
Question 167Single Answer
Which ciliate parasite commonly infects marine fish skin and gills?
A
Myxobolus cerebralis
B
Ichthyobodo necator
C
Cryptocaryon irritans
D
Diplostomum spathaceum
Question 168Single Answer
Which monogenean parasite is oviparous and commonly infects fish gills?
A
Argulus
B
Gyrodactylus
C
Dactylogyrus
D
Caligus
Question 169Single Answer
Which monogenean parasite is viviparous?
A
Dactylogyrus
B
Gyrodactylus
C
Ergasilus
D
Lernaea
Question 170Single Answer
Which shrimp disease is caused by Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHNV)?
A
Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis
B
Yellow Head Disease
C
White Feces Syndrome
D
Black Gill Disease
Question 171Single Answer
Which viral disease is characterized by yellowing of the cephalothorax in shrimp?
A
Hepatopancreatic Necrosis
B
White Spot Disease
C
Taura Syndrome
D
Yellow Head Disease
Question 172Single Answer
Which pathogen causes Koi Herpesvirus Disease?
A
Piscine orthoreovirus
B
Iridovirus
C
Betanodavirus
D
Cyprinid herpesvirus-3
Question 173Single Answer
Which bacterial disease is associated with skin ulcers and hemorrhages?
A
Cryptocaryoniasis
B
White Tail Disease
C
Branchiomycosis
D
Motile Aeromonas Septicemia
Question 174Single Answer
Which disease surveillance approach involves routine sampling of apparently healthy stocks?
A
Active surveillance
B
Passive surveillance
C
Syndromic treatment
D
Emergency response
Question 175Single Answer
Which surveillance system relies on farmers reporting unusual mortality?
A
Environmental surveillance
B
Active surveillance
C
Molecular surveillance
D
Passive surveillance
Question 176Single Answer
Which laboratory technique is considered highly sensitive for viral disease diagnosis?
A
Gram staining
B
PCR
C
Wet mount examination
D
Giemsa staining
Question 177Single Answer
Which biosecurity measure prevents pathogen entry into an aquaculture facility?
A
Quarantine of new stock
B
Overstocking ponds
C
Mixed-age culture
D
Shared equipment without disinfection
Question 178Single Answer
Which document certifies that aquatic animals meet specified disease-free requirements?
A
Harvest Register
B
Health Certificate
C
Feed Log
D
Stock Ledger
Question 179Single Answer
What does SPF stand for in aquaculture?
A
Scientific Pathogen Filter
B
Standard Production Facility
C
Safe Pond Farming
D
Specific Pathogen Free
Question 180Single Answer
What does SPR stand for in aquaculture breeding?
A
Safe Production Reserve
B
Standard Pathogen Registry
C
Specific Pathogen Resistant
D
Species Protection Regulation
Question 181Single Answer
Which is the main objective of SPF broodstock?
A
Improved feed conversion alone
B
Faster growth only
C
Increased pigmentation
D
Elimination of specified pathogens
Question 182Single Answer
Which is the primary purpose of SPR stocks?
A
Higher market value only
B
Complete immunity against all diseases
C
Increased reproductive rate only
D
Enhanced genetic resistance to specific pathogens
Question 183Single Answer
Which bacterial genus is commonly associated with luminous vibriosis in shrimp hatcheries?
A
Pseudomonas
B
Streptococcus
C
Lactococcus
D
Vibrio
Question 184Single Answer
Which shellfish tissue is commonly sampled for viral diagnosis?
A
Shell
B
Muscle only
C
Hepatopancreas
D
Eye stalk
Question 185Single Answer
Which disinfectant is widely used for equipment biosecurity in hatcheries?
A
Calcium carbonate
B
Sodium chloride
C
Sodium hypochlorite
D
Glucose
Question 186Single Answer
Which disease reporting principle is essential under WOAH guidelines?
A
Reporting only confirmed bacterial diseases
B
Annual reporting only
C
Reporting after harvest
D
Immediate notification of listed diseases
Question 187Single Answer
Which parasite attaches to fish gills using opisthaptors?
A
Caligus
B
Argulus
C
Lernaea
D
Dactylogyrus
Question 188Single Answer
Which bacterial pathogen commonly causes Streptococcosis in tilapia?
A
Streptococcus agalactiae
B
Aeromonas salmonicida
C
Vibrio anguillarum
D
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Question 189Single Answer
Which disease is caused by Vibrio anguillarum?
A
Spring Viremia
B
Enteric Septicemia
C
White Spot Disease
D
Classical Vibriosis
Question 190Single Answer
Which fish parasite causes black spot disease through metacercarial cysts?
A
Trichodina spp.
B
Argulus spp.
C
Gyrodactylus spp.
D
Diplostomum spp.
Question 191Single Answer
Which aquatic pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite?
A
Trichodina
B
Saprolegnia
C
Lernaea
D
Microsporidia
Question 192Single Answer
Which viral disease has been associated with mass mortalities in koi and common carp?
A
Koi Herpesvirus Disease
B
Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
C
Columnaris Disease
D
Branchiomycosis
Question 193Single Answer
Which diagnostic method allows direct visualization of parasites on skin scrapings?
A
Histochemistry
B
ELISA
C
PCR
D
Wet mount microscopy
Question 194Single Answer
Which bacterial pathogen causes Bacterial Kidney Disease?
A
Edwardsiella tarda
B
Aeromonas hydrophila
C
Renibacterium salmoninarum
D
Vibrio alginolyticus
Question 195Single Answer
Which quarantine period is generally intended to achieve?
A
Observation before introduction into culture systems
B
Increased feed efficiency
C
Rapid breeding
D
Improved pigmentation
Question 196Single Answer
Which disease management strategy focuses on preventing pathogen introduction rather than treatment?
A
Selective harvesting
B
Therapeutic feeding
C
Biosecurity
D
Pond fertilization
Question 197Single Answer
Which viral pathogen is responsible for Taura Syndrome in shrimp?
A
White Spot Syndrome Virus
B
Taura syndrome virus
C
Yellow Head Virus
D
Infectious Myonecrosis Virus
Question 198Single Answer
Which bacterial disease is frequently associated with poor water quality in freshwater ponds?
A
Motile Aeromonas Septicemia
B
Viral Nervous Necrosis
C
White Spot Disease
D
Saprolegniasis
Question 199Single Answer
Which fungal infection commonly follows mechanical injury in fish?
A
Taura Syndrome
B
Streptococcosis
C
Saprolegniasis
D
White Tail Disease
Question 200Single Answer
Which principle is fundamental for sustainable microbial and parasitic disease management in aquaculture?
A
Dependence on chemical treatment alone
B
Routine indiscriminate antibiotic application
C
Continuous high-density stocking
D
Early detection, strict biosecurity, surveillance, quarantine, and health certification
