What is the total pressure force on a vertical plane surface submerged in a fluid?
A
F = p g h_c A
B
F = p g A
C
F = p h_c A
D
F = p g h_c / A
Question 4Single Answer
Where is the center of pressure located for a vertical plane surface?
A
Below the centroid
B
At the centroid
C
Above the centroid
D
At the surface
Question 5Single Answer
What is the force on a curved surface submerged in a fluid?
A
Sum of horizontal and vertical components
B
Horizontal component only
C
Vertical component only
D
No force
Question 6Single Answer
What is fluid kinematics concerned with?
A
Motion of fluid without considering forces
B
Forces causing fluid motion
C
Fluid properties at rest
D
Energy transfer in fluids
Question 7Single Answer
What is a streamline in fluid flow?
A
Path traced by a fluid particle tangent to velocity
B
Path perpendicular to velocity
C
Path of constant pressure
D
Path of constant density
Question 8Single Answer
What is the condition for irrotational flow?
A
Zero vorticity
B
Constant velocity
C
Zero velocity
D
Constant pressure
Question 9Single Answer
What is the velocity potential in fluid flow?
A
Scalar function whose gradient gives velocity
B
Vector function of pressure
C
Scalar function of density
D
Vector function of vorticity
Question 10Single Answer
What is the stream function used for?
A
Represent two-dimensional incompressible flow
B
Calculate pressure distribution
C
Measure vorticity
D
Determine fluid density
Question 11Single Answer
What is a flownet?
A
Grid of streamlines and equipotential lines
B
Grid of pressure lines
C
Grid of velocity lines
D
Grid of density lines
Question 12Single Answer
What is the property of a flownet?
A
Streamlines and equipotential lines are perpendicular
B
Streamlines are parallel
C
Equipotential lines are parallel
D
Streamlines and equipotential lines are parallel
Question 13Single Answer
What is a source in fluid flow?
A
Point where fluid flows radially outward
B
Point where fluid converges
C
Point of zero velocity
D
Point of constant pressure
Question 14Single Answer
What is a sink in fluid flow?
A
Point where fluid flows radially inward
B
Point where fluid flows outward
C
Point of zero vorticity
D
Point of constant velocity
Question 15Single Answer
What is flow separation in fluid flow?
A
Fluid detaching from a surface due to adverse pressure gradient
B
Fluid merging with a surface
C
Fluid maintaining constant velocity
D
Fluid becoming turbulent
Question 16Single Answer
What is a free vortex?
A
Rotational flow with constant angular velocity
B
Irrotational flow with velocity inversely proportional to radius
C
Flow with no vorticity
D
Flow with constant pressure
Question 17Single Answer
What is a forced vortex?
A
Rotational flow with constant angular velocity
B
Irrotational flow with constant velocity
C
Flow with no vorticity
D
Flow with constant pressure
Question 18Single Answer
What is fluid dynamics concerned with?
A
Forces and energy causing fluid motion
B
Fluid motion without forces
C
Fluid properties at rest
D
Fluid density only
Question 19Single Answer
What is the control volume approach used for?
A
Apply conservation laws to a fixed region
B
Measure fluid density
C
Calculate fluid viscosity
D
Determine fluid temperature
Question 20Single Answer
What is the momentum equation based on?
A
Newton second law
B
Newton first law
C
Newton third law
D
Bernoulli principle
Question 21Single Answer
What is the energy equation for steady flow?
A
Bernoulli equation
B
Continuity equation
C
Momentum equation
D
Navier-Stokes equation
Question 22Single Answer
What is the Navier-Stokes equation used for?
A
Describe motion of viscous fluids
B
Calculate fluid density
C
Measure fluid pressure
D
Determine fluid temperature
Question 23Single Answer
What is Euler equation of motion?
A
Simplified Navier-Stokes for inviscid flow
B
Equation for viscous flow
C
Equation for static fluids
D
Equation for compressible flow
Question 24Single Answer
What is the coefficient of discharge (C_d) for an orifice?
A
Ratio of actual to theoretical discharge
B
Ratio of theoretical to actual discharge
C
Ratio of velocity to pressure
D
Ratio of pressure to velocity
Question 25Single Answer
What is a Venturi meter used for?
A
Measure flow rate in pipes
B
Measure fluid density
C
Calculate fluid viscosity
D
Determine fluid temperature
Question 26Single Answer
What is the principle behind a Venturi meter?
A
Bernoulli principle
B
Continuity equation
C
Momentum equation
D
Navier-Stokes equation
Question 27Single Answer
What is the purpose of a sluice gate?
A
Control flow in open channels
B
Measure fluid pressure
C
Increase fluid velocity
D
Reduce fluid density
Question 28Single Answer
What is the force on a moving plane vane due to a jet?
A
F = p Q (V - u)
B
F = p Q (V + u)
C
F = p Q V
D
F = p Q u
Question 29Single Answer
What is the primary assumption in Bernoulli equation?
A
Steady, incompressible, inviscid flow
B
Unsteady, compressible flow
C
Viscous, turbulent flow
D
Static fluid
Question 30Single Answer
What is the primary use of a flownet in seepage analysis?
A
Determine flow rate and pressure distribution
B
Calculate fluid density
C
Measure fluid viscosity
D
Assess fluid temperature
Question 31Single Answer
What is the primary cause of flow separation?
A
Adverse pressure gradient
B
Favorable pressure gradient
C
Constant pressure
D
Zero velocity
Question 32Single Answer
What is the primary assumption in Euler equation?
A
Inviscid flow
B
Viscous flow
C
Compressible flow
D
Unsteady flow
Question 33Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of a weir?
A
Measure discharge in open channels
B
Control fluid pressure
C
Increase fluid velocity
D
Reduce fluid density
Question 34Single Answer
What is the effect of viscosity on fluid flow?
A
Causes energy loss due to shear
B
Increases flow velocity
C
Reduces pressure loss
D
Eliminates turbulence
Question 35Single Answer
What is the primary application of the momentum equation?
A
Calculate forces on objects in fluid flow
B
Measure fluid density
C
Determine fluid viscosity
D
Assess fluid temperature
Question 36Single Answer
What is the primary assumption in the Navier-Stokes equation?
A
Newtonian fluid with viscosity
B
Inviscid fluid
C
Compressible fluid
D
Static fluid
Question 37Single Answer
What is the primary effect of a curved vane compared to a plane vane?
A
Increases force due to change in flow direction
B
Decreases force
C
No effect on force
D
Reduces velocity
Question 38Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of streamlines in fluid flow analysis?
A
Visualize flow patterns
B
Calculate fluid pressure
C
Measure fluid density
D
Determine fluid viscosity
Question 39Single Answer
What is uniform flow in an open channel?
A
Flow with constant depth and velocity
B
Flow with varying depth
C
Flow with varying velocity
D
Flow with no velocity
Question 40Single Answer
What is non-uniform flow?
A
Flow with varying depth or velocity
B
Flow with constant depth and velocity
C
Flow with zero velocity
D
Flow with constant pressure
Question 41Single Answer
What is steady flow in an open channel?
A
Flow parameters constant with time
B
Flow parameters varying with time
C
Flow with no velocity
D
Flow with constant depth
Question 42Single Answer
What is unsteady flow?
A
Flow parameters varying with time
B
Flow parameters constant with time
C
Flow with constant velocity
D
Flow with no depth variation
Question 43Single Answer
What is critical flow in an open channel?
A
Flow where Froude number equals 1
B
Flow where Froude number is less than 1
C
Flow where Froude number is greater than 1
D
Flow with no velocity
Question 44Single Answer
What is subcritical flow?
A
Flow with Froude number less than 1
B
Flow with Froude number greater than 1
C
Flow with Froude number equal to 1
D
Flow with no depth variation
Question 45Single Answer
What is supercritical flow?
A
Flow with Froude number greater than 1
B
Flow with Froude number less than 1
C
Flow with Froude number equal to 1
D
Flow with constant velocity
Question 46Single Answer
What is the energy correction factor used for?
A
Account for non-uniform velocity distribution
B
Account for pressure variation
C
Account for depth variation
D
Account for roughness
Question 47Single Answer
What is the momentum correction factor ?
A
Account for non-uniform velocity in momentum equation
B
Account for pressure variation
C
Account for depth variation
D
Account for roughness
Question 48Single Answer
What is critical depth in open channel flow?
A
Depth at which specific energy is minimum
B
Depth at which velocity is maximum
C
Depth at which pressure is minimum
D
Depth at which flow is uniform
Question 49Single Answer
What is specific force in open channel flow?
A
Force per unit weight including momentum
B
Force per unit area
C
Force per unit velocity
D
Force per unit depth
Question 50Single Answer
What does Manning roughness coefficient (n) depend on?
A
Channel surface and flow conditions
B
Fluid density
C
Fluid viscosity
D
Channel depth only
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Civil
Question 51Single Answer
What is the typical Manning n for a smooth concrete channel?
A
0.012
B
0.035
C
0.025
D
0.050
Question 52Single Answer
What is rapidly varied flow (RVF)?
A
Flow with abrupt depth changes over short distances
B
Flow with gradual depth changes
C
Flow with constant depth
D
Flow with no velocity
Question 53Single Answer
What is a hydraulic jump?
A
Transition from supercritical to subcritical flow
B
Transition from subcritical to supercritical flow
C
Transition with no depth change
D
Transition with constant velocity
Question 54Single Answer
What is the conjugate depth in a hydraulic jump?
A
Depth after jump corresponding to initial depth
B
Depth before jump
C
Critical depth
D
Normal depth
Question 55Single Answer
What is the primary application of a hydraulic jump?
A
Dissipate energy in spillways
B
Increase flow velocity
C
Maintain uniform flow
D
Reduce channel depth
Question 56Single Answer
What is brink flow in open channels?
A
Flow at the edge of a free overfall
B
Flow in a hydraulic jump
C
Flow in a transition
D
Flow in a uniform channel
Question 57Single Answer
What is the depth at the brink of a free overfall in a rectangular channel?
A
0.71 y_c
B
0.5 y_c
C
y_c
D
1.5 y_c
Question 58Single Answer
What is a wave in open channel flow?
A
Disturbance propagating on the surface
B
Steady flow with no disturbance
C
Flow with constant depth
D
Flow with no velocity
Question 59Single Answer
What is a surge in open channel flow?
A
Sudden rise in water level due to flow change
B
Gradual change in depth
C
Constant flow velocity
D
No depth variation
Question 60Single Answer
What is gradually varied flow (GVF)?
A
Flow with gradual depth changes over long distances
B
Flow with abrupt depth changes
C
Flow with constant depth
D
Flow with no velocity
Question 61Single Answer
What is a control section in GVF?
A
Point where flow is controlled by specific conditions
B
Point with maximum velocity
C
Point with minimum depth
D
Point with no flow
Question 62Single Answer
What is an M1 surface profile?
A
Subcritical flow on mild slope, y > y_n > y_c
B
Supercritical flow on steep slope
C
Critical flow on critical slope
D
Subcritical flow on steep slope
Question 63Single Answer
What is an S1 surface profile?
A
Supercritical flow on steep slope, y > y_c > y_n
B
Subcritical flow on mild slope
C
Critical flow on critical slope
D
Subcritical flow on adverse slope
Question 64Single Answer
What is a common method to solve GVF equations?
A
Direct step method
B
Manning method
C
Chezy method
D
Bernoulli method
Question 65Single Answer
What is the normal depth in open channel flow?
A
Depth of uniform flow
B
Critical depth
C
Depth at hydraulic jump
D
Depth at brink
Question 66Single Answer
What is the primary factor affecting Manning roughness coefficient?
A
Channel material and vegetation
B
Fluid density
C
Fluid viscosity
D
Channel depth
Question 67Single Answer
What is the specific energy curve?
A
Plot of energy vs. depth for constant discharge
B
Plot of velocity vs. depth
C
Plot of pressure vs. depth
D
Plot of discharge vs. depth
Question 68Single Answer
What is the primary cause of a hydraulic jump?
A
Transition from supercritical to subcritical flow
B
Transition from subcritical to supercritical flow
C
Constant flow velocity
D
No depth variation
Question 69Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of channel transitions?
A
Smoothly change flow conditions
B
Increase flow velocity
C
Reduce channel depth
D
Maintain constant pressure
Question 70Single Answer
What is the Chezy constant (c) dependent on?
A
Channel roughness and hydraulic radius
B
Fluid density
C
Fluid viscosity
D
Channel depth only
Question 71Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of a stilling basin?
A
Dissipate energy after hydraulic jump
B
Increase flow velocity
C
Maintain uniform flow
D
Reduce channel depth
Question 72Single Answer
What is a mild slope in open channel flow?
A
Slope where normal depth > critical depth
B
Slope where normal depth < critical depth
C
Slope where normal depth = critical depth
D
Slope with no flow
Question 73Single Answer
What is a steep slope?
A
Slope where normal depth < critical depth
B
Slope where normal depth > critical depth
C
Slope where normal depth = critical depth
D
Slope with no flow
Question 74Single Answer
What is a control section in a hydraulic jump?
A
Section where flow changes from supercritical to subcritical
B
Section with maximum velocity
C
Section with minimum depth
D
Section with no flow
Question 75Single Answer
What is the primary method for integrating GVF equations?
A
Standard step method
B
Manning method
C
Chezy method
D
Bernoulli method
Question 76Single Answer
What is runoff in hydrology defined as?
A
Water that infiltrates into the ground
B
Water that flows over the surface into streams
C
Water stored in reservoirs
D
Water evaporated from the surface
Question 77Single Answer
Which factor most significantly affects runoff estimation?
A
Soil permeability
B
Air temperature
C
Wind speed
D
Cloud cover
Question 78Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of runoff estimation in hydrology?
A
Determine groundwater recharge
B
Design hydraulic structures
C
Measure evaporation rates
D
Calculate soil moisture
Question 79Single Answer
Which method is commonly used for runoff estimation in small catchments?
A
Rational method
B
Unit hydrograph method
C
SCS curve number method
D
Muskingum method
Question 80Single Answer
What is the primary source of runoff in a catchment?
A
Groundwater flow
B
Precipitation
C
Evapotranspiration
D
Infiltration
Question 81Single Answer
Which soil type produces the highest runoff?
A
Sandy soil
B
Loamy soil
C
Clayey soil
D
Gravelly soil
Question 82Single Answer
What is the effect of urbanization on runoff?
A
Decreases runoff
B
Increases runoff
C
No effect
D
Reduces infiltration
Question 83Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for the Rational method of runoff estimation?
A
Time of concentration
B
Base flow
C
Evaporation rate
D
Groundwater storage
Question 84Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the SCS curve number method?
A
Estimate peak discharge
B
Calculate direct runoff
C
Measure base flow
D
Analyze evaporation
Question 85Single Answer
What is the effect of vegetation cover on runoff?
A
Increases runoff
B
Decreases runoff
C
No effect
D
Increases evaporation
Question 86Single Answer
Which factor is used to estimate runoff in the Rational method?
A
Runoff coefficient
B
Curve number
C
Base flow
D
Hydraulic conductivity
Question 87Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of runoff estimation in flood control?
A
Design irrigation systems
B
Predict flood magnitude
C
Measure groundwater recharge
D
Calculate evaporation
Question 88Single Answer
Which method is used for runoff estimation in large catchments?
A
Rational method
B
SCS curve number method
C
Unit hydrograph method
D
Muskingum method
Question 89Single Answer
What is the effect of increasing rainfall intensity on runoff?
A
Decreases runoff
B
Increases runoff
C
No effect
D
Reduces infiltration
Question 90Single Answer
Which soil condition leads to the lowest runoff?
A
Saturated soil
B
Dry sandy soil
C
Compacted clay
D
Urban pavement
Question 91Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the runoff coefficient in the Rational method?
A
Quantify runoff proportion
B
Measure infiltration
C
Calculate base flow
D
Estimate evaporation
Question 92Single Answer
Which factor is critical for the SCS curve number method?
A
Time of concentration
B
Base flow
C
Curve number
D
Hydraulic gradient
Question 93Single Answer
What is the effect of increasing slope on runoff?
A
Decreases runoff
B
Increases runoff
C
No effect
D
Reduces infiltration
Question 94Single Answer
Which method is used for runoff estimation in ungauged catchments?
A
Rational method
B
Unit hydrograph method
C
SCS curve number method
D
Muskingum method
Question 95Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of runoff estimation in reservoir design?
A
Calculate evaporation
B
Determine inflow volume
C
Measure groundwater recharge
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 96Single Answer
What is a hydrograph defined as?
A
Graph of rainfall intensity over time
B
Graph of streamflow over time
C
Graph of infiltration rate over time
D
Graph of evaporation over time
Question 97Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of a unit hydrograph?
A
Estimate peak discharge from a unit rainfall
B
Calculate groundwater recharge
C
Measure evaporation rates
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 98Single Answer
Which component of a hydrograph represents the initial flow before rainfall?
A
Peak discharge
B
Base flow
C
Direct runoff
D
Recession limb
Question 99Single Answer
What is the primary use of a hydrograph in flood forecasting?
A
Predict peak flood discharge
B
Calculate infiltration rates
C
Measure evaporation
D
Estimate soil moisture
Question 100Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for deriving a unit hydrograph?
A
Rainfall duration
B
Evaporation rate
C
Groundwater storage
D
Soil permeability
Question 101Single Answer
What is the effect of increasing catchment area on hydrograph peak discharge?
A
Decreases peak discharge
B
Increases peak discharge
C
No effect
D
Reduces base flow
Question 102Single Answer
Which type of hydrograph is used for a single storm event?
A
Unit hydrograph
B
Synthetic hydrograph
C
Storm hydrograph
D
Annual hydrograph
Question 103Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the recession limb in a hydrograph?
A
Indicate peak discharge
B
Show decreasing flow after peak
C
Represent base flow
D
Measure infiltration
Question 104Single Answer
Which method is used to derive a unit hydrograph from observed data?
A
Rational method
B
SCS curve number method
C
Convolution method
D
Muskingum method
Question 105Single Answer
What is the effect of urbanization on a hydrograph?
A
Increases time to peak
B
Decreases time to peak
C
No effect
D
Reduces base flow
Question 106Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of a synthetic hydrograph?
A
Estimate hydrograph for ungauged catchments
B
Analyze historical flood data
C
Calculate groundwater recharge
D
Measure evaporation
Question 107Single Answer
Which component of a hydrograph represents surface runoff?
A
Base flow
B
Direct runoff
C
Recession limb
D
Peak discharge
Question 108Single Answer
What is the primary use of a hydrograph in reservoir operation?
A
Determine storage capacity
B
Calculate evaporation rates
C
Measure soil moisture
D
Analyze groundwater recharge
Question 109Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for the shape of a unit hydrograph?
A
Soil permeability
B
Evaporation rate
C
Catchment shape
D
Groundwater storage
Question 110Single Answer
What is the effect of increasing rainfall duration on a hydrograph?
A
Decreases peak discharge
B
Increases peak discharge
C
No effect
D
Reduces base flow
Question 111Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the rising limb in a hydrograph?
A
Indicate peak discharge
B
Show increasing flow before peak
C
Represent base flow
D
Measure infiltration
Question 112Single Answer
Which method is used to develop a synthetic unit hydrograph?
A
Snyder’s method
B
Rational method
C
SCS curve number method
D
Muskingum method
Question 113Single Answer
What is the effect of vegetation on a hydrograph?
A
Increases time to peak
B
Decreases time to peak
C
No effect
D
Increases peak discharge
Question 114Single Answer
What is the primary use of a hydrograph in bridge design?
A
Measure evaporation
B
Calculate infiltration rates
C
Estimate peak flood discharge
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 115Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of a unit hydrograph in runoff estimation?
A
Calculate base flow
B
Predict runoff from rainfall
C
Measure evaporation
D
Analyze groundwater recharge
Question 116Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for runoff estimation in small catchments?
A
Rational formula
B
Manning’s formula
C
Darcy’s formula
D
Hazen-Williams formula
Question 117Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the Rational formula in hydrology?
A
Calculate groundwater rechar
B
Measure evaporation rates
C
geEstimate peak discharge
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 118Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for the Rational formula?
A
Runoff coefficient
B
Curve number
C
Base flow
D
Hydraulic conductivity
Question 119Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used to estimate peak discharge in large catchments?
A
Manning’s formula
B
Dicken’s formula
C
Darcy’s formula
D
Hazen-Williams formula
Question 120Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for flood estimation in Indian catchments?
A
Ryve’s formula
B
Manning’s formula
C
Darcy’s formula
D
Hazen-Williams formula
Question 121Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of Inglis formula in hydrology?
A
Measure evaporation rates
B
Calculate groundwater recharge
C
Estimate peak flood discharge
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 122Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for Dicken’s formula?
A
Catchment area
B
Runoff coefficient
C
Curve number
D
Hydraulic gradient
Question 123Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the Khosla’s formula in hydrology?
A
Calculate groundwater recharge
B
Estimate runoff yield
C
Measure evaporation rates
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 124Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for runoff estimation in urban areas?
A
Rational formula
B
Dicken’s formula
C
Ryve’s formula
D
Inglis formula
Question 125Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the runoff coefficient in empirical formulas?
A
Measure infiltration
B
Quantify runoff proportion
C
Calculate base flow
D
Estimate evaporation
Question 126Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for flood estimation in Western Ghats?
A
Ryve’s formula
B
Dicken’s formula
C
Inglis formula
D
Rational formula
Question 127Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the SCS curve number in empirical formulas?
A
Estimate peak discharge
B
Quantify runoff potential
C
Measure base flow
D
Analyze evaporation
Question 128Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for Inglis formula?
A
Catchment area
B
Runoff coefficient
C
Curve number
D
Hydraulic gradient
Question 129Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the Rational formula in urban hydrology?
A
Calculate groundwater recharge
B
Estimate peak discharge for drainage design
C
Measure evaporation rates
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 130Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for runoff estimation in hilly regions?
A
Dicken’s formula
B
Manning’s formula
C
Darcy’s formula
D
Hazen-Williams formula
Question 131Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the runoff coefficient in the Rational formula?
A
Measure infiltration
B
Quantify runoff proportion
C
Calculate base flow
D
Estimate evaporation
Question 132Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for flood estimation in North Indian plains?
A
Dicken’s formula
B
Ryve’s formula
C
Inglis formula
D
Rational formula
Question 133Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the Khosla’s formula in Indian hydrology?
A
Measure evaporation rates
B
Calculate groundwater recharge
C
Estimate runoff yield
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 134Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for Ryve’s formula?
A
Catchment area
B
Runoff coefficient
C
Curve number
D
Hydraulic gradient
Question 135Single Answer
Which method is used for runoff estimation in both small and large catchments?
A
Rational method
B
SCS curve number method
C
Unit hydrograph method
D
Muskingum method
Question 136Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of a unit hydrograph in empirical runoff estimation?
A
Calculate base flow
B
Predict runoff from rainfall
C
Measure evaporation
D
Analyze groundwater recharge
Question 137Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for urban drainage design?
A
Rational formula
B
Dicken’s formula
C
Ryve’s formula
D
Inglis formula
Question 138Single Answer
What is the effect of increasing rainfall intensity on a hydrograph?
A
Decreases peak discharge
B
Increases peak discharge
C
No effect
D
Reduces base flow
Question 139Single Answer
Which method is used to derive a unit hydrograph for ungauged catchments?
A
Snyder’s method
B
Rational method
C
SCS curve number method
D
Muskingum method
Question 140Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the SCS curve number method in runoff estimation?
A
Estimate peak discharge
B
Calculate direct runoff
C
Measure base flow
D
Analyze evaporation
Question 141Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for both the Rational formula and unit hydrograph?
A
Rainfall intensity
B
Curve number
C
Base flow
D
Hydraulic gradient
Question 142Single Answer
What is the effect of urbanization on runoff estimation using empirical formulas?
A
Decreases runoff
B
Increases runoff
C
No effect
D
Reduces infiltration
Question 143Single Answer
Which component of a hydrograph is used to estimate direct runoff?
A
Base flow
B
Direct runoff
C
Recession limb
D
Peak discharge
Question 144Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of Dicken’s formula in hydrology?
A
Estimate peak flood discharge
B
Calculate groundwater recharge
C
Measure evaporation rates
D
Analyze soil moisture
Question 145Single Answer
Which method is used for runoff estimation in flood forecasting?
A
Rational method
B
Unit hydrograph method
C
SCS curve number method
D
Muskingum method
Question 146Single Answer
What is the effect of vegetation on runoff estimation using a hydrograph?
A
Increases peak discharge
B
Decreases peak discharge
C
No effect
D
Reduces base flow
Question 147Single Answer
Which empirical formula is used for runoff estimation in Indian hilly regions?
A
Dicken’s formula
B
Ryve’s formula
C
Inglis formula
D
Rational formula
Question 148Single Answer
What is the primary purpose of the rising limb in a hydrograph for runoff estimation?
A
Indicate peak discharge
B
Show increasing flow before peak
C
Represent base flow
D
Measure infiltration
Question 149Single Answer
Which parameter is critical for the SCS curve number method and unit hydrograph?
A
Catchment area
B
Runoff coefficient
C
Curve number
D
Hydraulic gradient
Question 150Single Answer
What is the effect of increasing catchment slope on runoff estimation?
