The cell wall of archaebacteria primarily contains:
A
Chitin
B
Peptidoglycan
C
Cellulose
D
Pseudomurein or other non-peptidoglycan polymers
Question 3Single Answer
Eubacteria reproduce primarily by:
A
Binary fission
B
Budding
C
Fragmentation
D
Sporulation only
Question 4Single Answer
Cyanobacteria are characterized by:
A
Absence of cell walls
B
Lack of photosynthetic pigments
C
Heterotrophic nutrition
D
Presence of chlorophyll a and phycocyanin
Question 5Single Answer
The ultra-structure of cyanobacteria includes:
A
Lysosomes
B
Mitochondria
C
Endoplasmic reticulum
D
Thylakoids for photosynthesis
Question 6Single Answer
Archaebacteria are commonly found in:
A
Soil only
B
Freshwater lakes
C
Extreme environments like hot springs
D
Air only
Question 7Single Answer
The reproduction in cyanobacteria may involve:
A
Sexual reproduction
B
Binary fission only
C
Budding only
D
Hormogonia and akinetes
Question 8Single Answer
The cell membrane of archaebacteria contains:
A
Phospholipids only
B
Fatty acid-based lipids
C
Isoprenoid-based lipids
D
No lipids
Question 9Single Answer
Eubacteria have a cell wall composed of:
A
Chitin
B
Pseudomurein
C
Cellulose
D
Peptidoglycan
Question 10Single Answer
Heterocysts in cyanobacteria are specialized for:
A
Nitrogen fixation
B
Photosynthesis
C
Reproduction
D
Storage
Question 11Single Answer
The primary mode of reproduction in archaebacteria is:
A
Budding
B
Binary fission
C
Fragmentation
D
Sexual reproduction
Question 12Single Answer
Cyanobacteria are also known as:
A
Green bacteria
B
Blue-green algae
C
Purple bacteria
D
Red algae
Question 13Single Answer
The ultra-structure of eubacteria includes:
A
Mitochondria
B
Chloroplasts
C
Pili and flagella
D
Endoplasmic reticulum
Question 14Single Answer
Archaebacteria lack which component found in eubacteria?
A
Ribosomes
B
DNA
C
Peptidoglycan in cell walls
D
Plasma membrane
Question 15Single Answer
Cyanobacteria reproduce asexually by:
A
Formation of hormogonia
B
Conjugation
C
Transformation
D
Transduction
Question 16Single Answer
The photosynthetic pigment phycocyanin is found in:
A
Cyanobacteria
B
Archaebacteria
C
Eubacteria
D
Fungi
Question 17Single Answer
The ultra-structure of archaebacteria includes:
A
Chloroplasts
B
80S ribosomes
C
Mitochondria
D
70S ribosomes
Question 18Single Answer
Akinetes in cyanobacteria are:
A
Reproductive cells
B
Photosynthetic cells
C
Motile cells
D
Thick-walled resting cells
Question 19Single Answer
Eubacteria can form endospores to:
A
Undergo photosynthesis
B
Survive harsh conditions
C
Facilitate nitrogen fixation
D
Increase motility
Question 20Single Answer
The cell wall of cyanobacteria contains:
A
Cellulose
B
Pseudomurein
C
Peptidoglycan
D
Chitin
Question 21Single Answer
Archaebacteria are unique in their:
A
Presence of chloroplasts
B
Photosynthetic capability
C
Ability to thrive in extreme pH and temperature
D
Sexual reproduction
Question 22Single Answer
The reproduction of eubacteria may involve:
A
Fragmentation only
B
Binary fission only
C
Budding only
D
Binary fission and conjugation
Question 23Single Answer
Cyanobacteria contribute to:
A
Carbon fixation only
B
Nitrogen fixation in soil
C
Sulfur cycling
D
Phosphorus cycling
Question 24Single Answer
The ultra-structure of cyanobacteria lacks:
A
Nucleus
B
Thylakoids
C
Cell wall
D
Ribosomes
Question 25Single Answer
Archaebacteria are classified based on:
A
16S rRNA sequences
B
Cell wall composition only
C
Photosynthetic pigments
D
Cell size
Question 26Single Answer
The primary photosynthetic pigment in cyanobacteria is:
A
Bacteriochlorophyll
B
Chlorophyll b
C
Chlorophyll a
D
Phycocyanin
Question 27Single Answer
Eubacteria can be classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on:
A
Ribosomal structure
B
Cell membrane composition
C
Cell wall structure
D
DNA content
Question 28Single Answer
The reproduction of cyanobacteria involves:
A
Formation of akinetes and hormogonia
B
Sexual reproduction only
C
Conjugation only
D
Transduction only
Question 29Single Answer
Archaebacteria are resistant to antibiotics that target:
A
Peptidoglycan synthesis
B
Photosynthesis
C
DNA replication
D
Protein synthesis
Question 30Single Answer
The ultra-structure of eubacteria includes:
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
B
Chloroplasts
C
Mitochondria
D
Plasmids
Question 31Single Answer
Cyanobacteria can form:
A
Unicellular structures only
B
Filamentous structures
C
Multicellular structures only
D
Non-cellular structures
Question 32Single Answer
The reproduction of archaebacteria lacks:
A
Binary fission
B
Sexual reproduction
C
Budding
D
Fragmentation
Question 33Single Answer
The gas vesicles in cyanobacteria provide:
A
Photosynthesis
B
Buoyancy
C
Nitrogen fixation
D
Motility
Question 34Single Answer
Eubacteria can transfer genetic material through:
A
Conjugation, transformation, and transduction
B
Binary fission only
C
Budding only
D
Fragmentation only
Question 35Single Answer
The ultra-structure of archaebacteria lacks:
A
Ribosomes
B
Peptidoglycan
C
DNA
D
Cell membrane
Question 36Single Answer
Cyanobacteria are important in:
A
Carbon degradation
B
Sulfur production
C
Oxygen production through photosynthesis
D
Nitrogen degradation
Question 37Single Answer
The cell wall of Gram-positive eubacteria is:
A
Composed of pseudomurein
B
Thin with a single peptidoglycan layer
C
Absent
D
Thick with multiple peptidoglycan layers
Question 38Single Answer
Archaebacteria can be:
A
Methanogens, halophiles, or thermophiles
B
Photosynthetic only
C
Nitrogen-fixing only
D
Saprophytic only
Question 39Single Answer
The reproduction of cyanobacteria does not involve:
A
Binary fission
B
Sexual reproduction
C
Hormogonia
D
Akinetes
Question 40Single Answer
The ultra-structure of cyanobacteria includes:
A
Lysosomes
B
Mitochondria
C
Endoplasmic reticulum
D
Carboxysomes for carbon fixation
Question 41Single Answer
L-form bacteria are:
A
Fungi with spores
B
Bacteria with a thick cell wall
C
Viruses with a protein coat
D
Bacteria lacking a cell wall
Question 42Single Answer
L-form bacteria are formed under:
A
High nutrient conditions
B
Conditions that inhibit cell wall synthesis
C
Low temperature conditions
D
High pH conditions
Question 43Single Answer
Prions are:
A
Small RNA molecules
B
Infectious proteins
C
DNA viruses
D
Bacterial spores
Question 44Single Answer
Viroids are:
A
Small, circular RNA molecules
B
Protein particles
C
DNA viruses
D
Bacterial plasmids
Question 45Single Answer
Virusoids are:
A
Independent RNA molecules
B
Satellite RNAs dependent on helper viruses
C
Protein particles
D
Bacterial endospores
Question 46Single Answer
L-form bacteria are resistant to antibiotics that target:
A
RNA synthesis
B
Protein synthesis
C
DNA replication
D
Cell wall synthesis
Question 47Single Answer
Prions cause diseases by:
A
Inducing misfolding of normal proteins
B
Replicating DNA
C
Synthesizing RNA
D
Forming spores
Question 48Single Answer
An example of a disease caused by viroids is:
A
Influenza
B
Mad cow disease
C
Potato spindle tuber disease
D
Bacterial wilt
Question 49Single Answer
Virusoids require a helper virus for:
A
Cell wall formation
B
Protein synthesis
C
Replication and transmission
D
Spore formation
Question 50Single Answer
L-form bacteria are often associated with:
A
Fungal infections
B
Acute infections
C
Viral infections
D
Chronic infections
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Botany
Question 51Single Answer
Prions lack:
A
Nucleic acids
B
Proteins
C
Lipids
D
Carbohydrates
Question 52Single Answer
Viroids infect:
A
Animals only
B
Plants only
C
Bacteria only
D
Fungi only
Question 53Single Answer
Virusoids are similar to viroids but:
A
Require a helper virus
B
Contain proteins
C
Are larger in size
D
Are DNA-based
Question 54Single Answer
L-form bacteria can revert to normal bacteria under:
A
High temperature
B
Favorable conditions
C
Low pH
D
High salinity
Question 55Single Answer
An example of a prion disease is:
A
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
B
Potato spindle tuber disease
C
Bacterial wilt
D
Influenza
Question 56Single Answer
Viroids are composed of:
A
Proteins
B
Double-stranded DNA
C
Single-stranded DNA
D
Single-stranded RNA
Question 57Single Answer
Virusoids are transmitted through:
A
Water
B
Direct contact
C
Helper viruses
D
Air
Question 58Single Answer
L-form bacteria are difficult to detect because:
A
They lack DNA
B
They are too small
C
They lack a rigid cell wall
D
They are motile
Question 59Single Answer
Prions are resistant to:
A
Heat, radiation, and proteases
B
Antibiotics
C
Antiviral drugs
D
Antifungal agents
Question 60Single Answer
Viroids replicate in:
A
Animal cells
B
Plant cell cytoplasm
C
Bacterial cells
D
Plant cell nuclei
Question 61Single Answer
Virusoids are associated with:
A
Animal viral diseases
B
Plant viral diseases
C
Bacterial diseases
D
Fungal diseases
Question 62Single Answer
L-form bacteria are often studied in:
A
Industrial microbiology
B
Environmental microbiology
C
Medical microbiology
D
Agricultural microbiology
Question 63Single Answer
Prions are infectious because they:
A
Form spores
B
Replicate DNA
C
Synthesize RNA
D
Induce conformational changes in proteins
Question 64Single Answer
Viroids lack:
A
Nucleic acids
B
Protein coat
C
RNA
D
Replication machinery
Question 65Single Answer
Virusoids are dependent on helper viruses for:
A
Encapsidation and transmission
B
DNA replication
C
Protein synthesis only
D
Cell wall formation
Question 66Single Answer
L-form bacteria are sensitive to:
A
Low pH
B
High temperature
C
Osmotic stress
D
High salinity
Question 67Single Answer
An example of a viroid disease in plants is:
A
Bacterial wilt
B
Mad cow disease
C
Influenza
D
Citrus exocortis
Question 68Single Answer
Virusoids are typically:
A
Equal in size to viroids
B
Larger than viroids
C
Smaller than viroids
D
Protein-based
Question 69Single Answer
Prions are primarily associated with:
A
Fungal infections
B
Plant diseases
C
Bacterial infections
D
Neurodegenerative diseases
Question 70Single Answer
Viroids cause disease by:
A
Replicating DNA
B
Interfering with plant RNA processing
C
Forming proteins
D
Inducing cell wall damage
Question 71Single Answer
A virion is:
A
The nucleic acid of a virus
B
The protein coat of a virus
C
The complete, infectious form of a virus
D
The envelope of a virus
Question 72Single Answer
The protein coat of a virion is called:
A
Envelope
B
Capsid
C
Matrix
D
Core
Question 73Single Answer
The capsid of a virion is composed of:
A
Lipids
B
Capsomeres
C
Carbohydrates
D
Nucleic acids
Question 74Single Answer
The nucleic acid in a virion can be:
A
Carbohydrates only
B
Proteins only
C
Lipids only
D
DNA or RNA
Question 75Single Answer
The symmetry of a viral capsid can be:
A
Icosahedral, helical, or complex
B
Cubic only
C
Spherical only
D
Linear only
Question 76Single Answer
Enveloped viruses have:
A
A protein coat only
B
A lipid bilayer surrounding the capsid
C
No capsid
D
No nucleic acid
Question 77Single Answer
The ultrastructure of a virion includes:
A
Cell wall
B
Capsid and nucleic acid
C
Mitochondria
D
Ribosomes
Question 78Single Answer
The size of virions typically ranges from:
A
1–10 µm
B
1–10 nm
C
20–400 nm
D
1–10 mm
Question 79Single Answer
Non-enveloped viruses are also called:
A
Enveloped viruses
B
Naked viruses
C
Complex viruses
D
Helical viruses
Question 80Single Answer
The envelope of a virion is derived from:
A
Viral proteins
B
Host cell membrane
C
Viral nucleic acids
D
Host cell nucleus
Question 81Single Answer
The capsid protects the viral:
A
Matrix proteins
B
Envelope
C
Nucleic acid
D
Lipids
Question 82Single Answer
Icosahedral symmetry is common in:
A
Fungal viruses only
B
Plant viruses only
C
Bacterial viruses only
D
Animal viruses like adenovirus
Question 83Single Answer
Helical symmetry is observed in:
A
Adenovirus
B
Tobacco mosaic virus
C
Bacteriophage T4
D
Influenza virus
Question 84Single Answer
The ultrastructure of a virion may include:
A
Ribosomes
B
Cell wall
C
Mitochondria
D
Spikes or glycoproteins
Question 85Single Answer
Complex viruses, such as bacteriophages, have:
A
Icosahedral symmetry only
B
A combination of icosahedral and helical symmetry
C
Helical symmetry only
D
No symmetry
Question 86Single Answer
The nucleic acid in a virion can be:
A
Single-stranded or double-stranded
B
Protein-based
C
Lipid-based
D
Carbohydrate-based
Question 87Single Answer
The capsid of a virion is assembled by:
A
Self-assembly of capsomeres
B
Host cell enzymes
C
Viral enzymes only
D
External proteins
Question 88Single Answer
Enveloped viruses are sensitive to:
A
Organic solvents
B
High temperatures only
C
Low pH only
D
High salinity
Question 89Single Answer
The ultrastructure of a virion does not include:
A
Envelope
B
Capsid
C
Nucleic acid
D
Chloroplasts
Question 90Single Answer
The function of viral spikes is:
A
Replication of nucleic acid
B
Protection of nucleic acid
C
Attachment to host cells
D
Synthesis of proteins
Question 91Single Answer
The capsid of a virion is primarily made of:
A
Proteins
B
Lipids
C
Carbohydrates
D
Nucleic acids
Question 92Single Answer
The nucleic acid in a virion is responsible for:
A
Forming the envelope
B
Protecting the virus
C
Carrying genetic information
D
Attaching to the host
Question 93Single Answer
Enveloped viruses are typically:
A
Less stable than naked viruses
B
More stable than naked viruses
C
Equal in stability to naked viruses
D
Not infectious
Question 94Single Answer
The ultrastructure of bacteriophages includes:
A
Ribosomes
B
Chloroplasts
C
Mitochondria
D
Tail fibers and capsid
Question 95Single Answer
The capsid symmetry of influenza virus is:
A
Linear
B
Icosahedral
C
Complex
D
Helical
Question 96Single Answer
The nucleic acid of a virion can be:
A
Proteins only
B
DNA or RNA, single or double-stranded
C
Lipids only
D
Carbohydrates only
Question 97Single Answer
The envelope of a virion contains:
A
Peptidoglycan
B
Nucleic acids
C
Capsomeres
D
Glycoproteins
Question 98Single Answer
The ultrastructure of a virion is studied using:
A
IR spectroscopy
B
Light microscopy
C
UV spectroscopy
D
Electron microscopy
Question 99Single Answer
The capsid of a virion provides:
A
Replication machinery
B
Structural integrity and protection
C
Energy production
D
Motility
Question 100Single Answer
The size of a virion is typically measured in:
A
Nanometers
B
Micrometers
C
Millimeters
D
Centimeters
Question 101Single Answer
Mycoplasma are characterized by:
A
Large size
B
Presence of peptidoglycan
C
Lack of a cell wall
D
Photosynthetic ability
Question 102Single Answer
Spiroplasma are:
A
Gram-positive bacteria
B
Spherical bacteria
C
Photosynthetic bacteria
D
Helical, motile mollicutes
Question 103Single Answer
Phytoplasma are associated with:
A
Plant diseases
B
Animal diseases
C
Human diseases
D
Fungal diseases
Question 104Single Answer
Mycoplasma are sensitive to:
A
High temperature only
B
Osmotic stress
C
Low pH only
D
High salinity only
Question 105Single Answer
An example of a plant disease caused by Phytoplasma is:
A
Aster yellows
B
Bacterial wilt
C
Tobacco mosaic
D
Powdery mildew
Question 106Single Answer
Spiroplasma are transmitted by:
A
Soil
B
Water
C
Air
D
Insect vectors
Question 107Single Answer
Mycoplasma are resistant to antibiotics that target:
A
Cell wall synthesis
B
Protein synthesis
C
DNA replication
D
RNA synthesis
Question 108Single Answer
Phytoplasma reside in:
A
Plant mesophyll
B
Plant xylem tissue
C
Plant epidermis
D
Plant phloem tissue
Question 109Single Answer
Spiroplasma cause diseases in:
A
Animals only
B
Humans only
C
Plants and insects
D
Fungi only
Question 110Single Answer
Mycoplasma are pleomorphic, meaning they:
A
Are photosynthetic
B
Have a rigid shape
C
Lack a fixed shape
D
Form spores
Question 111Single Answer
An example of a plant disease caused by Spiroplasma is:
A
Bacterial wilt
B
Aster yellows
C
Citrus stubborn disease
D
Tobacco mosaic
Question 112Single Answer
Phytoplasma are detected using:
A
IR spectroscopy
B
Light microscopy only
C
UV spectroscopy
D
PCR and electron microscopy
Question 113Single Answer
Mycoplasma require for growth:
A
Cellulose
B
Peptidoglycan
C
Cholesterol or sterols
D
Chitin
Question 114Single Answer
Spiroplasma are characterized by:
A
Helical morphology and motility
B
Spherical morphology
C
Photosynthetic ability
D
Cell wall presence
Question 115Single Answer
Phytoplasma cause symptoms in plants such as:
A
Root rot
B
Yellowing and witches’ broom
C
Leaf spots
D
Powdery mildew
Question 116Single Answer
Mycoplasma are classified as:
A
Gram-negative bacteria
B
Gram-positive bacteria
C
Mollicutes
D
Archaebacteria
Question 117Single Answer
The smallest known bacteria are:
A
Archaebacteria
B
Eubacteria
C
Cyanobacteria
D
Mycoplasma
Question 118Single Answer
Spiroplasma are associated with:
A
Air-borne diseases
B
Soil-borne diseases
C
Insect-transmitted plant diseases
D
Water-borne diseases
Question 119Single Answer
Phytoplasma are obligate parasites of:
A
Plant phloem and insect vectors
B
Soil bacteria
C
Fungi
D
Animal cells
Question 120Single Answer
Mycoplasma are grown in:
A
Simple media
B
Complex media with sterols
C
Soil extract
D
Water
Question 121Single Answer
An example of a Mycoplasma-related disease in plants is:
A
Powdery mildew
B
Bacterial wilt
C
Tobacco mosaic
D
Little leaf disease
Question 122Single Answer
Spiroplasma are sensitive to:
A
High salinity only
B
High temperature only
C
Low pH only
D
Osmotic stress
Question 123Single Answer
Phytoplasma are transmitted by:
A
Air
B
Water
C
Leafhoppers and psyllids
D
Soil
Question 124Single Answer
Mycoplasma have a cell membrane rich in:
A
Chitin
B
Peptidoglycan
C
Cellulose
D
Sterols
Question 125Single Answer
Spiroplasma cause diseases by:
A
Cell wall degradation
B
Forming spores
C
Photosynthesis inhibition
D
Disrupting plant metabolism
Question 126Single Answer
Phytoplasma are difficult to culture because they are:
A
Free-living bacteria
B
Obligate parasites
C
Photosynthetic
D
Spore-forming
Question 127Single Answer
Mycoplasma are stained using:
A
Gram stain
B
Giemsa stain
C
Acid-fast stain
D
Capsule stain
Question 128Single Answer
Spiroplasma are motile due to:
A
Cilia
B
Flagella
C
Pili
D
Flexing of their helical structure
Question 129Single Answer
Phytoplasma cause plant diseases characterized by:
A
Stunted growth and abnormal development
B
Leaf spots only
C
Root rot only
D
Fruit decay only
Question 130Single Answer
Mycoplasma are associated with diseases like:
A
Tobacco mosaic
B
Bacterial wilt
C
Sandal spike disease
D
Powdery mildew
Question 131Single Answer
The microbiology of water includes:
A
Protozoa only
B
Viruses only
C
Bacteria, algae, and fungi
D
Archaebacteria only
Question 132Single Answer
Coliform bacteria in water indicate:
A
Chemical contamination
B
Heavy metal pollution
C
Fecal contamination
D
Nutrient deficiency
Question 133Single Answer
The primary source of microbes in air is:
A
Industrial emissions
B
Plants only
C
Animals only
D
Soil and water
Question 134Single Answer
Soil microbiology is important for:
A
Water purification
B
Nutrient cycling
C
Air quality
D
Plant photosynthesis
Question 135Single Answer
The most abundant microorganisms in soil are:
A
Fungi
B
Bacteria
C
Viruses
D
Algae
Question 136Single Answer
An example of a waterborne pathogen is:
A
Vibrio cholerae
B
Bacillus subtilis
C
Rhizobium leguminosarum
D
Aspergillus niger
Question 137Single Answer
The microbiology of air is studied using:
A
Plant tissue analysis
B
Water sampling
C
Soil sampling
D
Air sampling techniques
Question 138Single Answer
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil include:
A
Staphylococcus aureus
B
Escherichia coli
C
Rhizobium
D
Salmonella typhi
Question 139Single Answer
The presence of Escherichia coli in water is tested using:
A
Capsule staining
B
Gram staining
C
Acid-fast staining
D
MPN (Most Probable Number) test
Question 140Single Answer
Soil fungi are important for:
A
Photosynthesis
B
Nitrogen fixation
C
Decomposition of organic matter
D
Water purification
Question 141Single Answer
The microbiology of water is critical for:
A
Drinking water safety
B
Soil fertility
C
Air quality
D
Plant growth
Question 142Single Answer
Airborne microbes are primarily:
A
Spores and bacteria
B
Viruses only
C
Algae only
D
Protozoa only
Question 143Single Answer
Soil bacteria like Azotobacter are known for:
A
Sulfur oxidation
B
Denitrification
C
Free-living nitrogen fixation
D
Carbon fixation
Question 144Single Answer
The microbiology of water includes pathogens like:
A
Salmonella
B
Rhizobium
C
Bacillus subtilis
D
Aspergillus
Question 145Single Answer
The role of microbes in soil includes:
A
Air filtration
B
Photosynthesis
C
Water purification
D
Decomposition and nutrient cycling
Question 146Single Answer
Airborne microbes can cause:
A
Water pollution
B
Soil contamination
C
Respiratory infections
D
Plant photosynthesis
Question 147Single Answer
The BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) test measures:
