What is the basic structural unit of compact bone?
A
Trabecula
B
Osteon
C
Canaliculus
D
Lacunae
Question 2Single Answer
What type of cartilage covers the articular surfaces of bones?
A
Elastic cartilage
B
Fibrocartilage
C
Hyaline cartilage
D
Calcified cartilage
Question 3Single Answer
Which cells are responsible for maintaining the bone matrix?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 4Single Answer
What is the periosteum?
A
The inner layer of bone
B
The outer fibrous layer of bone
C
The cartilage covering bone surfaces
D
The bone marrow
Question 5Single Answer
Which structure connects the periosteum to the bone?
A
Volkmann's canals
B
Haversian canals
C
Sharpey's fibers
D
Canaliculi
Question 6Single Answer
Which type of bone is arranged in a network of bony spicules?
A
Cortical bone
B
Cancellous bone
C
Woven bone
D
Lamellar bone
Question 7Single Answer
What is the primary component of the organic matrix of bone?
A
Hydroxyapatite
B
Collagen type I
C
Calcium phosphate
D
Glycosaminoglycans
Question 8Single Answer
Which cells are derived from mesenchymal stem cells and form bone?
A
Osteoclasts
B
Osteoblasts
C
Chondrocytes
D
Fibroblasts
Question 9Single Answer
What are Volkmann's canals?
A
Channels that connect Haversian canals
B
Spaces within the bone matrix
C
Canals that contain blood vessels and nerves in the periosteum
D
Canals that run parallel to the long axis of the bone
Question 10Single Answer
Where are osteocytes located?
A
On the surface of the bone
B
Within the bone matrix in lacunae
C
In the bone marrow
D
In the periosteum
Question 11Single Answer
Which bone cells are multinucleated and involved in bone resorption?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 12Single Answer
What is the function of canaliculi?
A
To transport nutrients and wastes between osteocytes
B
To provide structural support to the bone
C
To house the bone marrow
D
To connect the periosteum to the bone
Question 13Single Answer
Which part of the long bone is primarily composed of compact bone?
A
Epiphysis
B
Diaphysis
C
Metaphysis
D
Articular cartilage
Question 14Single Answer
What is the epiphyseal plate?
A
The region of bone growth in adults
B
The cartilaginous plate separating the epiphysis and diaphysis in growing bones
C
The articular surface of the bone
D
The site of muscle attachment
Question 15Single Answer
What is the primary function of bone marrow?
A
Calcium storage
B
Blood cell production
C
Bone remodeling
D
Vitamin D synthesis
Question 16Single Answer
Which type of bone marrow is primarily responsible for hematopoiesis?
A
Yellow bone marrow
B
Red bone marrow
C
Both red and yellow bone marrow
D
Neither red nor yellow bone marrow
Question 17Single Answer
Yellow bone marrow primarily consists of:
A
Hematopoietic cells
B
Adipose tissue
C
Osteoblasts
D
Osteoclasts
Question 18Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
A
Support
B
Movement
C
Mineral storage
D
Digestion
Question 19Single Answer
Which ion is the most abundant mineral component of bone?
A
Sodium
B
Potassium
C
Calcium
D
Magnesium
Question 20Single Answer
Hydroxyapatite is composed primarily of:
A
Calcium carbonate
B
Calcium phosphate
C
Sodium chloride
D
Potassium chloride
Question 21Single Answer
The Haversian system is a characteristic feature of:
A
Cancellous bone
B
Compact bone
C
Woven bone
D
Cartilage
Question 22Single Answer
Which of the following best describes woven bone?
A
Highly organized and strong
B
Immature and disorganized
C
Found only in adults
D
The primary component of cortical bone
Question 23Single Answer
Lamellar bone is characterized by:
A
Randomly arranged collagen fibers
B
Parallel layers of collagen fibers
C
Absence of osteocytes
D
Rapid formation and resorption
Question 24Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a component of bone matrix?
A
Collagen
B
Proteoglycans
C
Hydroxyapatite
D
Keratin
Question 25Single Answer
What is bone remodeling?
A
The process of bone growth
B
The continuous cycle of bone resorption and formation
C
The repair of bone fractures
D
The storage of calcium in bones
Question 26Single Answer
Which cells are primarily responsible for bone resorption?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 27Single Answer
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone remodeling?
A
To break down bone tissue
B
To form new bone tissue
C
To maintain bone tissue
D
To regulate calcium levels
Question 28Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a phase of bone remodeling?
A
Activation
B
Resorption
C
Formation
D
Calcification
Question 29Single Answer
What triggers the activation phase of bone remodeling?
A
Increased bone formation
B
Microdamage or changes in calcium homeostasis
C
Decreased bone resorption
D
Hormonal changes
Question 30Single Answer
How do osteoclasts break down bone tissue?
A
By secreting collagenase and other enzymes
B
By phagocytosing bone matrix
C
By converting hydroxyapatite to calcium carbonate
D
By releasing calcium ions into the bloodstream
Question 31Single Answer
What is the role of RANKL in bone remodeling?
A
It inhibits osteoclast formation.
B
It stimulates osteoclast formation and activity.
C
It promotes bone formation by osteoblasts.
D
It regulates calcium levels in the blood.
Question 32Single Answer
Which cells secrete RANKL?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 33Single Answer
What is the role of OPG (osteoprotegerin) in bone remodeling?
A
It stimulates osteoclast formation.
B
It inhibits osteoclast formation by binding to RANKL.
C
It promotes bone formation.
D
It regulates calcium homeostasis.
Question 34Single Answer
Which of the following factors stimulates bone resorption?
A
Calcitonin
B
Estrogen
C
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D
Vitamin D
Question 35Single Answer
Which of the following factors inhibits bone resorption?
A
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
B
Calcitonin
C
Vitamin D
D
Glucocorticoids
Question 36Single Answer
What is the function of Howship's lacunae?
A
They are spaces within the bone matrix where osteocytes reside.
B
They are depressions on the bone surface where osteoclasts resorb bone.
C
They are channels that connect Haversian canals.
D
They are sites of bone formation by osteoblasts.
Question 37Single Answer
During bone formation, what do osteoblasts secrete?
A
Collagenase
B
Hydroxyapatite crystals
C
Bone matrix proteins, including collagen
D
Calcium ions
Question 38Single Answer
What is the fate of osteoblasts after they have laid down new bone matrix?
A
They become osteoclasts.
B
They undergo apoptosis.
C
They become osteocytes.
D
They remain as active osteoblasts.
Question 39Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT involved in regulating bone remodeling?
A
Hormones (PTH, calcitonin, estrogen)
B
Growth factors
C
Mechanical stress
D
Digestive enzymes
Question 40Single Answer
How does mechanical stress affect bone remodeling?
A
It inhibits both bone resorption and formation.
B
It stimulates bone formation in areas of stress.
C
It stimulates bone resorption in areas of stress.
D
It has no effect on bone remodeling.
Question 41Single Answer
Which of the following is a characteristic of woven bone?
A
It is stronger than lamellar bone.
B
It has a regular arrangement of collagen fibers.
C
It is the primary type of bone in adults.
D
It is formed rapidly during fracture healing.
Question 42Single Answer
Which type of bone replaces woven bone during remodeling?
A
Cancellous bone
B
Compact bone (lamellar bone)
C
Cartilage
D
Marrow
Question 43Single Answer
What is the role of alkaline phosphatase in bone formation?
A
It breaks down bone matrix.
B
It is involved in the mineralization of bone.
C
It stimulates osteoclast activity.
D
It inhibits bone formation.
Question 44Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a function of bone remodeling?
A
Maintaining calcium homeostasis
B
Repairing microdamage
C
Adapting bone structure to mechanical demands
D
Producing digestive enzymes
Question 45Single Answer
During bone remodeling, which cells are responsible for removing damaged bone tissue?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 46Single Answer
What is the primary stimulus for PTH secretion?
A
High blood calcium levels
B
Low blood calcium levels
C
Increased bone formation
D
Decreased bone resorption
Question 47Single Answer
How does PTH affect calcium levels in the blood?
A
It lowers blood calcium levels.
B
It raises blood calcium levels.
C
It has no effect on blood calcium levels.
D
It causes calcium to be stored in bones.
Question 48Single Answer
Calcitonin is secreted by which cells?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland (C cells)
D
Parathyroid gland cells
Question 49Single Answer
Which hormone has the opposite effect of PTH on blood calcium levels?
A
Calcitonin
B
Vitamin D
C
Growth hormone
D
Estrogen
Question 50Single Answer
Which mineral is essential for bone formation and strength?
A
Sodium
B
Potassium
C
Calcium
D
Magnesium
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Orthopedics
Question 51Single Answer
Besides bone, where else is calcium stored in the body?
A
Liver
B
Muscles
C
Blood and extracellular fluid
D
Kidneys
Question 52Single Answer
Which of the following is a major regulator of calcium homeostasis?
A
Vitamin A
B
Vitamin C
C
Vitamin D
D
Vitamin E
Question 53Single Answer
What is the active form of vitamin D?
A
Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3)
B
Calcidiol (25-hydroxy vitamin D)
C
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D)
D
Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2)
Question 54Single Answer
Where is vitamin D primarily synthesized in the body?
A
Liver
B
Kidneys
C
Skin
D
Intestines
Question 55Single Answer
Which organ plays a crucial role in activating vitamin D?
A
Liver and Kidneys (both needed)
B
Liver only
C
Kidneys only
D
Intestines
Question 56Single Answer
What is the primary function of vitamin D in calcium metabolism?
A
It increases calcium absorption in the intestines.
B
It decreases calcium absorption in the intestines.
C
It stimulates bone resorption.
D
It inhibits bone formation.
Question 57Single Answer
Besides calcium, which other mineral is important for bone health?
A
Sodium
B
Potassium
C
Phosphorus
D
Magnesium
Question 58Single Answer
How does phosphorus contribute to bone health?
A
It is a component of hydroxyapatite.
B
It regulates calcium absorption.
C
It stimulates bone formation.
D
All of the above.
Question 59Single Answer
Which hormone increases both calcium and phosphate absorption in the intestines?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Vitamin D
D
Growth hormone
Question 60Single Answer
Which of the following is a dietary source of vitamin D?
A
Sunlight exposure
B
Fortified milk and dairy products
C
Green leafy vegetables
D
Fruits
Question 61Single Answer
A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to which condition in children?
A
Osteoporosis
B
Rickets
C
Osteomalacia
D
Paget's disease
Question 62Single Answer
A deficiency in vitamin D can lead to which condition in adults?
A
Osteoporosis
B
Rickets
C
Osteomalacia
D
Paget's disease
Question 63Single Answer
Which of the following is a function of phosphorus in the body?
A
Bone formation
B
Energy production (ATP)
C
Nucleic acid synthesis
D
All of the above
Question 64Single Answer
How is calcium regulated in the body?
A
Hormonal control (PTH, calcitonin, vitamin D)
B
Dietary intake
C
Renal excretion
D
All of the above
Question 65Single Answer
Where is phosphorus primarily absorbed in the body?
A
Stomach
B
Small intestine
C
Large intestine
D
Kidneys
Question 66Single Answer
Which hormone plays a major role in regulating phosphate levels in the blood?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Vitamin D
D
Growth hormone
Question 67Single Answer
How does PTH affect phosphate levels in the blood?
A
It increases phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys.
B
It decreases phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased excretion.
C
It has no effect on phosphate levels.
D
It increases phosphate absorption in the intestines.
Question 68Single Answer
Which of the following factors can affect calcium absorption?
A
Dietary calcium intake
B
Vitamin D status
C
Presence of phytates and oxalates in food
D
All of the above
Question 69Single Answer
Which of the following is a symptom of hypocalcemia (low blood calcium)?
A
Muscle spasms and tetany
B
Increased bone density
C
Decreased nerve excitability
D
Increased calcium absorption
Question 70Single Answer
Which of the following is a symptom of hypercalcemia (high blood calcium)?
A
Fatigue and weakness
B
Increased bone formation
C
Decreased calcium absorption
D
Muscle cramps
Question 71Single Answer
What is the recommended daily intake of calcium for adults?
A
It varies depending on age and other factors, but is generally around 1000-1200 mg.
B
500 mg
C
2000 mg
D
200 mg
Question 72Single Answer
Which of the following can impair vitamin D synthesis?
A
Adequate sun exposure
B
Kidney disease
C
Liver disease
D
Both b and c
Question 73Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium in the body?
A
Muscle contraction
B
Nerve impulse transmission
C
Blood clotting
D
Digestion of carbohydrates
Question 74Single Answer
Which food group is generally a good source of calcium?
A
Fruits
B
Vegetables
C
Dairy products
D
Grains
Question 75Single Answer
What does BMD stand for?
A
Bone Marrow Density
B
Bone Mineral Density
C
Bone Matrix Density
D
Bone Mechanical Density
Question 76Single Answer
What does BMD measure?
A
The strength of bone
B
The amount of mineral in a given area of bone
C
The rate of bone turnover
D
The number of osteocytes in bone
Question 77Single Answer
Which of the following is the gold standard for measuring BMD?
A
Ultrasound
B
Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT)
C
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA)
D
Radiography
Question 78Single Answer
What does a T-score represent in DXA results?
A
The bone density compared to the average for a young, healthy adult of the same sex.
B
The bone density compared to the average for someone of the same age and sex.
C
The percentage of bone loss.
D
The risk of fracture.
Question 79Single Answer
What does a Z-score represent in DXA results?
A
The bone density compared to the average for a young, healthy adult of the same sex.
B
The bone density compared to the average for someone of the same age and sex.
C
The percentage of bone loss.
D
The risk of fracture.
Question 80Single Answer
A T-score of -1.0 to -2.5 indicates:
A
Normal bone density
B
Osteopenia
C
Osteoporosis
D
Severe osteoporosis
Question 81Single Answer
A T-score of -2.5 or lower indicates:
A
Normal bone density
B
Osteopenia
C
Osteoporosis
D
Severe osteoporosis
Question 82Single Answer
Which of the following is a risk factor for low BMD?
A
Female sex
B
Advanced age
C
Family history of osteoporosis
D
All of the above
Question 83Single Answer
Which of the following lifestyle factors can affect BMD?
A
Physical activity
B
Calcium and vitamin D intake
C
Smoking and alcohol consumption
D
All of the above
Question 84Single Answer
How does exercise affect BMD?
A
It decreases BMD.
B
It increases BMD.
C
It has no effect on BMD.
D
It depends on the type of exercise.
Question 85Single Answer
Which type of exercise is most beneficial for improving BMD?
A
Swimming
B
Cycling
C
Weight-bearing exercise
D
Yoga
Question 86Single Answer
How does smoking affect BMD?
A
It increases BMD.
B
It decreases BMD.
C
It has no effect on BMD.
D
It depends on the amount of smoking.
Question 87Single Answer
How does alcohol consumption affect BMD?
A
Moderate alcohol consumption is beneficial for BMD.
B
Excessive alcohol consumption is detrimental to BMD.
C
Alcohol consumption has no effect on BMD.
D
It depends on the type of alcohol.
Question 88Single Answer
Which hormone plays a crucial role in maintaining BMD in women?
A
Estrogen
B
Progesterone
C
Testosterone
D
Growth hormone
Question 89Single Answer
What is the effect of menopause on BMD?
A
It increases BMD.
B
It decreases BMD due to estrogen decline.
C
It has no effect on BMD.
D
It depends on hormone replacement therapy.
Question 90Single Answer
Which medications can affect BMD?
A
Glucocorticoids (steroids)
B
Some anticonvulsants
C
Aromatase inhibitors
D
All of the above
Question 91Single Answer
Why is early detection of low BMD important?
A
To prevent fractures.
B
To initiate treatment and prevent further bone loss.
C
To reduce the risk of osteoporosis.
D
All of the above.
Question 92Single Answer
At what age should BMD screening typically begin for women?
A
It varies but is generally recommended around age 65.
B
Age 40
C
Age 50
D
Age 70
Question 93Single Answer
At what age should BMD screening typically begin for men?
A
It varies, but is generally recommended around age 70.
B
Age 50
C
Age 60
D
Age 80
Question 94Single Answer
How often should BMD testing be repeated?
A
It depends on individual risk factors, but generally every 1-2 years for those with osteopenia or osteoporosis.
B
Every 5 years
C
Every 10 years
D
Only once in a lifetime
Question 95Single Answer
Which hormone primarily regulates calcium homeostasis?
A
Calcitonin
B
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C
Growth hormone
D
Estrogen
Question 96Single Answer
Where is PTH produced?
A
Thyroid gland
B
Parathyroid gland
C
Pituitary gland
D
Adrenal gland
Question 97Single Answer
How does PTH affect blood calcium levels?
A
Lowers them
B
Raises them
C
Has no effect
D
Causes calcium to be stored in bones
Question 98Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a target tissue for PTH action?
A
Bone
B
Kidneys
C
Intestines
D
Liver
Question 99Single Answer
How does PTH affect bone?
A
Stimulates bone formation
B
Stimulates bone resorption
C
Inhibits bone remodeling
D
Has no effect on bone
Question 100Single Answer
How does PTH affect the kidneys?
A
Increases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion
B
Decreases calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion
C
Increases both calcium and phosphate reabsorption
D
Decreases both calcium and phosphate reabsorption
Question 101Single Answer
How does PTH indirectly affect calcium absorption in the intestines?
A
By directly stimulating calcium transporters
B
By stimulating the production of calcitriol (active vitamin D)
C
By inhibiting calcium absorption
D
By having no effect on calcium absorption
Question 102Single Answer
Where is calcitonin produced?
A
Parathyroid gland
B
Thyroid gland (C cells)
C
Pituitary gland
D
Adrenal gland
Question 103Single Answer
What is the primary stimulus for calcitonin secretion?
A
Low blood calcium levels
B
High blood calcium levels
C
Increased bone formation
D
Decreased bone resorption
Question 104Single Answer
How does calcitonin affect bone?
A
Stimulates bone resorption
B
Inhibits bone resorption
C
Stimulates bone formation
D
Has no effect on bone
Question 105Single Answer
Which hormone is important for bone growth and development?
A
Growth hormone
B
PTH
C
Calcitonin
D
Estrogen
Question 106Single Answer
Where is growth hormone produced?
A
Thyroid gland
B
Pituitary gland
C
Adrenal gland
D
Pancreas
Question 107Single Answer
How does growth hormone affect bone?
A
Stimulates bone resorption
B
Stimulates bone formation
C
Inhibits bone growth
D
Has no effect on bone
Question 108Single Answer
Which growth factor mediates the effects of growth hormone on bone?
A
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
B
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
C
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
D
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
Question 109Single Answer
Which hormones play a crucial role in bone health, particularly in women?
A
Estrogens
B
Androgens
C
Glucocorticoids
D
Thyroid hormones
Question 110Single Answer
How do estrogens affect bone?
A
Inhibit bone resorption
B
Stimulate bone formation
C
Promote bone growth
D
All of the above
Question 111Single Answer
What is the effect of menopause on bone density?
A
Increases it
B
Decreases it
C
Has no effect
D
Depends on hormone replacement therapy
Question 112Single Answer
Which hormones can have a negative effect on bone health when present in excess?
A
Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
B
Thyroid hormones
C
Both a and b
D
Neither a nor b
Question 113Single Answer
How do glucocorticoids affect bone?
A
Stimulate bone formation
B
Inhibit bone formation and increase bone resorption
C
Have no effect on bone
D
Increase bone density
Question 114Single Answer
How do thyroid hormones affect bone?
A
Stimulate bone formation
B
Stimulate bone resorption
C
Have no effect on bone
D
Decrease bone turnover
Question 115Single Answer
Which hormone plays a key role in vitamin D activation?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Growth hormone
D
Estrogen
Question 116Single Answer
Where is vitamin D primarily synthesized?
A
Liver
B
Kidneys
C
Skin
D
Intestines
Question 117Single Answer
Which organs are involved in vitamin D activation?
A
Liver and Kidneys
B
Liver only
C
Kidneys only
D
Intestines
Question 118Single Answer
What is the primary function of vitamin D in calcium metabolism?
A
Increases calcium absorption in the intestines
B
Decreases calcium absorption in the intestines
C
Stimulates bone resorption
D
Inhibits bone formation
Question 119Single Answer
Which hormone increases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Vitamin D
D
Estrogen
Question 120Single Answer
Which hormone decreases phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Vitamin D
D
Growth hormone
Question 121Single Answer
Which hormone stimulates the production of 1,25-(OH)2D (calcitriol) in the kidneys?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Growth hormone
D
Estrogen
Question 122Single Answer
Which hormone directly affects osteoclast activity?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Both PTH and Calcitonin
D
Neither PTH nor Calcitonin
Question 123Single Answer
Which hormone directly affects osteoblast activity?
A
Growth hormone
B
Estrogen
C
Both Growth hormone and Estrogen
D
Neither Growth hormone nor Estrogen
Question 124Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a function of PTH?
A
Increase blood calcium
B
Decrease phosphate
C
Increase bone formation
D
Increase calcium absorption in gut
Question 125Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a function of Calcitonin?
A
Decrease blood calcium
B
Decrease bone resorption
C
Increase bone formation
D
Decrease phosphate in blood
Question 126Single Answer
Which hormone is anabolic to bone?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Growth Hormone
D
Cortisol
Question 127Single Answer
Which hormone is catabolic to bone in excess?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Growth Hormone
D
Cortisol
Question 128Single Answer
Which hormone is essential for bone health in females?
A
Estrogen
B
Progesterone
C
Testosterone
D
Growth Hormone
Question 129Single Answer
Which hormone decreases bone resorption?
A
Estrogen
B
PTH
C
Cortisol
D
Thyroid Hormone
Question 130Single Answer
Which hormone increases bone resorption?
A
Calcitonin
B
Estrogen
C
PTH
D
Both PTH and Thyroid Hormone
Question 131Single Answer
Which hormone increases calcium absorption from gut?
A
Vitamin D
B
PTH
C
Calcitonin
D
Estrogen
Question 132Single Answer
Which hormone increases calcium reabsorption from kidney?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Vitamin D
D
Estrogen
Question 133Single Answer
Which hormone decreases phosphate reabsorption from kidney?
A
PTH
B
Calcitonin
C
Vitamin D
D
Estrogen
Question 134Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a target organ for Vitamin D?
A
Intestine
B
Kidney
C
Bone
D
Liver
Question 135Single Answer
Which of the following is NOT a function of Vitamin D?
A
Increase calcium absorption from gut
B
Increase phosphate absorption from gut
C
Increase bone resorption
D
Decrease calcium reabsorption from kidney
Question 136Single Answer
Which cells are directly stimulated by PTH?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 137Single Answer
Which cells express RANKL?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 138Single Answer
Which cells have receptors for RANKL?
A
Osteoblasts
B
Osteoclasts precursors
C
Osteocytes
D
Chondrocytes
Question 139Single Answer
Which protein acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL?
A
OPG (Osteoprotegerin)
B
RANK
C
Calcium
D
Phosphate
Question 140Single Answer
Which factor stimulates OPG production?
A
Estrogen
B
PTH
C
Vitamin D
D
Glucocorticoids
Question 141Single Answer
Which type of genetic disorder is characterized by mutations in genes affecting collagen synthesis, leading to brittle bones?
A
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
B
Osteopetrosis
C
Achondroplasia
D
Marfan Syndrome
Question 142Single Answer
What is the inheritance pattern of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (most common form)?
A
Autosomal dominant
B
Autosomal recessive
C
X-linked dominant
D
X-linked recessive
Question 143Single Answer
Which type of collagen is most commonly affected in Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
A
Type I collagen
B
Type II collagen
C
Type III collagen
D
Type IV collagen
Question 144Single Answer
Which genetic disorder is characterized by increased bone density due to impaired osteoclast function?
A
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
B
Osteopetrosis
C
Achondroplasia
D
Marfan Syndrome
Question 145Single Answer
What is the inheritance pattern of Osteopetrosis (most common form)?
A
Autosomal dominant
B
Autosomal recessive
C
X-linked dominant
D
X-linked recessive
Question 146Single Answer
Which genetic disorder is characterized by short stature and disproportionate limbs due to impaired endochondral ossification?
A
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
B
Osteopetrosis
C
Achondroplasia
D
Marfan Syndrome
Question 147Single Answer
What is the inheritance pattern of Achondroplasia?
A
Autosomal dominant
B
Autosomal recessive
C
X-linked dominant
D
X-linked recessive
Question 148Single Answer
Which gene is most commonly mutated in Achondroplasia?
A
COL1A1
B
TCIRG1
C
FGFR3
D
FBN1
Question 149Single Answer
Which genetic disorder is characterized by abnormalities in connective tissue, including bones, joints, and the cardiovascular system?
A
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
B
Osteopetrosis
C
Achondroplasia
D
Marfan Syndrome
Question 150Single Answer
What is the inheritance pattern of Marfan Syndrome?
