Which of the following is a characteristic of scientific research?
A
Systematic and organized inquiry
B
Random conclusions
C
Based on personal opinions
D
Superstitious beliefs
Question 3Single Answer
A social survey is mainly used to:
A
Study stars
B
Collect quantitative data about society
C
Predict natural disasters
D
Develop new technology
Question 4Single Answer
The main difference between social survey and social research is:
A
Research is broader and systematic
B
Survey is more detailed
C
Survey does not collect data
D
Research avoids analysis
Question 5Single Answer
Which type of research emphasizes numerical data and statistical analysis?
A
Quantitative research
B
Qualitative research
C
Descriptive research
D
Exploratory research
Question 6Single Answer
Scientific method in social research involves:
A
Personal assumptions
B
Systematic observation, experimentation, and analysis
C
Memorization of facts
D
Anecdotal evidence
Question 7Single Answer
Exploratory research is conducted to:
A
Solve all problems
B
Measure variables quantitatively
C
Test hypotheses rigorously
D
Gain insights and familiarity
Question 8Single Answer
Descriptive research primarily aims to:
A
Describe characteristics of a population
B
Explore new concepts
C
Predict natural phenomena
D
Study only historical data
Question 9Single Answer
Social research that tests hypotheses and examines relationships between variables is called:
A
Explanatory research
B
Exploratory research
C
Descriptive research
D
Case study research
Question 10Single Answer
The main purpose of a social survey is to:
A
Conduct experiments in a lab
B
Collect primary data from a population
C
Only use secondary sources
D
Write literary critiques
Question 11Single Answer
Which of the following is not a type of social research?
A
Fundamental research
B
Applied research
C
Astrological research
D
Action research
Question 12Single Answer
Social research is considered scientific because it:
A
Relies on anecdotal evidence
B
Avoids observation
C
Follows systematic procedures
D
Is based on myths
Question 13Single Answer
Which method is commonly used in social surveys?
A
Laboratory experiments
B
Questionnaires and interviews
C
Astronomical observations
D
Chemical analysis
Question 14Single Answer
Primary data in social research is:
A
Data obtained from books
B
Data collected firsthand for a specific study
C
Data that is outdated
D
Data that is unreliable
Question 15Single Answer
Secondary data refers to:
A
Raw data collected directly
B
Unverified rumors
C
Data created from experiments
D
Data already collected and published
Question 16Single Answer
Which of the following is an example of qualitative research?
A
Household income survey
B
Statistical regression
C
Census data analysis
D
In-depth interviews about family life
Question 17Single Answer
In social research, a hypothesis is:
A
A proven fact
B
A random guess
C
An assumption never tested
D
A tentative statement to be tested
Question 18Single Answer
Social surveys are mostly:
A
Theoretical
B
Empirical
C
Fictional
D
Philosophical
Question 19Single Answer
Sampling in social research is used to:
A
Select a representative subset of the population
B
Study every individual in the population
C
Avoid data collection
D
Ignore variability
Question 20Single Answer
Scientific social research emphasizes:
A
Subjectivity
B
Speculation
C
Objectivity
D
Superstition
Question 21Single Answer
The systematic collection of data about social phenomena is called:
A
Social research
B
Social service
C
Social work
D
Social survey
Question 22Single Answer
Which of the following best describes applied research?
A
Research with no purpose
B
Research for theoretical understanding
C
Research for practical solutions to problems
D
Historical research only
Question 23Single Answer
Social research aims to:
A
Entertain the masses
B
Generate knowledge about social life
C
Only record historical events
D
Promote propaganda
Question 24Single Answer
Action research primarily focuses on:
A
Only data collection
B
Solving immediate problems through intervention
C
Theoretical modeling
D
Pure speculation
Question 25Single Answer
Case study method in social research is:
A
Quantitative
B
An in-depth analysis of a single case or group
C
Always experimental
D
Statistical only
Question 26Single Answer
Longitudinal studies in social research involve:
A
Studying a population at one point in time
B
Studying different subjects randomly
C
Repeated observations of the same subjects over time
D
Experimental manipulations only
Question 27Single Answer
Cross-sectional studies collect data:
A
Over a long period
B
Without observation
C
Only from experiments
D
At one point in time
Question 28Single Answer
An empirical approach in social research means:
A
Data based on observation or experience
B
Data based on imagination
C
Data based on myths
D
Data based on religion
Question 29Single Answer
Social surveys help in:
A
Writing novels
B
Ignoring public opinion
C
Only doing experiments
D
Collecting opinions, attitudes, and behaviors
Question 30Single Answer
Which of the following is a limitation of social surveys?
A
They are always inexpensive
B
They never require planning
C
They may suffer from response bias
D
They eliminate errors completely
Question 31Single Answer
The main goal of scientific social research is:
A
To entertain
B
To follow traditions
C
To speculate freely
D
To develop knowledge based on evidence
Question 32Single Answer
Observation in social research is:
A
Ignoring behaviors
B
Reading textbooks
C
Purely experimental
D
Systematic noting of social phenomena
Question 33Single Answer
Interview method in social surveys is used to:
A
Collect secondary data
B
Collect in-depth qualitative or quantitative data
C
Analyze historical trends
D
Perform lab experiments
Question 34Single Answer
Questionnaires are:
A
Random stories
B
Always oral
C
Only for experiments
D
Standardized instruments to collect data
Question 35Single Answer
Social surveys are usually:
A
Structured and systematic
B
Casual observations
C
Purely imaginative
D
Unorganized
Question 36Single Answer
Scientific social research ensures:
A
Subjective opinions
B
Random guesses
C
Validity and reliability
D
Superstitious beliefs
Question 37Single Answer
Which type of research seeks to generate theory?
A
Exploratory
B
Descriptive
C
Applied
D
Action
Question 38Single Answer
Which research type focuses on problem-solving?
A
Applied
B
Theoretical
C
Exploratory
D
Descriptive
Question 39Single Answer
Hypothesis testing in social research is:
A
Ignored
B
Systematic evaluation of predicted relationships
C
Random guessing
D
Optional for surveys
Question 40Single Answer
A representative sample is:
A
A biased subset
B
A smaller group reflecting the population characteristics
C
The whole population
D
Random selection without purpose
Question 41Single Answer
Sampling helps to:
A
Increase bias
B
Avoid research
C
Study the whole population practically
D
Eliminate data
Question 42Single Answer
Random sampling ensures:
A
Bias
B
Equal chance for each unit to be selected
C
Only qualitative data
D
No representativeness
Question 43Single Answer
Stratified sampling is used to:
A
Collect secondary data
B
Ignore population differences
C
Divide the population into subgroups and sample proportionally
D
Use only qualitative methods
Question 44Single Answer
Scientific social research is:
A
Anecdotal
B
Evidence-based
C
Speculative
D
Non-systematic
Question 45Single Answer
Reliability in research refers to:
A
Consistency of measurement
B
Accuracy of spelling
C
Random variation
D
Subjective opinion
Question 46Single Answer
Validity in research refers to:
A
Whether research measures what it intends to measure
B
Quantity of data
C
Speed of data collection
D
Randomization
Question 47Single Answer
Case study research is mostly:
A
Large-scale
B
Theoretical only
C
Random
D
In-depth study of one or few cases
Question 48Single Answer
Explanatory research focuses on:
A
Describing facts only
B
Ignoring variables
C
Collecting stories
D
Understanding causal relationships
Question 49Single Answer
Descriptive research often uses:
A
Experiments
B
Secondary sources only
C
Hypothetical reasoning
D
Surveys and observational methods
Question 50Single Answer
Qualitative research emphasizes:
A
Numbers and statistics
B
Hypothesis testing only
C
Meanings, experiences, and interpretations
D
Random sampling
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Sociology
Question 51Single Answer
Quantitative research emphasizes:
A
Numerical measurement and statistical analysis
B
Personal opinions
C
Literary critique
D
Philosophical debates
Question 52Single Answer
Action research is:
A
Practical research to solve social issues while involving participants
B
Theoretical speculation
C
Only historical
D
Experimental only
Question 53Single Answer
Literature review in social research helps to:
A
Understand existing knowledge and gaps
B
Collect primary data only
C
Avoid research design
D
Ignore theory
Question 54Single Answer
Observation method is best suited for:
A
Questionnaire surveys
B
Lab experiments only
C
Secondary data analysis
D
Studying natural behavior without interference
Question 55Single Answer
Social research ethics ensures:
A
Random guessing
B
Protection of participants’ rights and dignity
C
Ignoring consent
D
Fabrication of data
Question 56Single Answer
An example of secondary data source is:
A
Surveys conducted for current research
B
Field interviews
C
Census reports
D
Focus group discussions
Question 57Single Answer
Social research often uses which combination of methods?
A
Only qualitative
B
Mixed methods (qualitative + quantitative)
C
Only quantitative
D
Only theoretical
Question 58Single Answer
Scientific method in social research avoids:
A
Objectivity
B
Data analysis
C
Systematic procedures
D
Bias and subjectivity
Question 59Single Answer
The “population” in social research refers to:
A
Only a small group
B
All units of interest in a study
C
Random objects
D
Historical data only
Question 60Single Answer
Social survey data can be:
A
Only quantitative
B
Only qualitative
C
Quantitative, qualitative, or both
D
Imaginary
Question 61Single Answer
Hypothesis in social research is:
A
A story
B
A proven fact
C
A statement to be tested through research
D
Unrelated observation
Question 62Single Answer
Exploratory research is useful when:
A
Data is unnecessary
B
The problem is fully understood
C
Only experiments are required
D
Problems are unclear or little is known
Question 63Single Answer
Survey research is usually:
A
Random and unstructured
B
Costly and time-consuming
C
Theoretical only
D
Based on myths
Question 64Single Answer
The difference between primary and secondary data is:
A
Both are the same
B
Primary is old; secondary is new
C
Primary is firsthand; secondary is previously collected
D
Secondary is always qualitative
Question 65Single Answer
Scientific social research uses which approach?
A
Intuition and imagination
B
Tradition
C
Guesswork only
D
Systematic observation and reasoning
Question 66Single Answer
Social survey can be:
A
Only qualitative
B
Only cross-sectional
C
Cross-sectional or longitudinal
D
Only experimental
Question 67Single Answer
A good research design is important to:
A
Reduce cost only
B
Make research easy without planning
C
Avoid data collection
D
Ensure validity and reliability of results
Question 68Single Answer
Social research is considered:
A
Systematic and objective
B
Non-systematic
C
Based on assumptions
D
Fictional
Question 69Single Answer
Surveys are generally used to study:
A
Individual experiments
B
Natural disasters
C
Lab reactions
D
Social trends, attitudes, and behaviors of populations
Question 70Single Answer
Scientific social research can be:
A
Theoretical or applied
B
Only applied
C
Only exploratory
D
Fictional
Question 71Single Answer
Field research involves:
A
Collecting data in natural settings
B
Lab experiments only
C
Literature review only
D
Hypothetical reasoning only
Question 72Single Answer
Experimental research in social sciences is:
A
Always observational
B
Only theoretical
C
Qualitative only
D
Commonly lab-based or field experiments
Question 73Single Answer
Social research uses which principle for conclusions?
A
Traditions
B
Guesswork
C
Evidence-based reasoning
D
Myths
Question 74Single Answer
Valid measurement in research ensures:
A
Random results
B
Data reflects what it is intended to measure
C
Only numerical analysis
D
No analysis
Question 75Single Answer
A literature review helps in:
A
Identifying gaps in existing research
B
Avoiding data collection
C
Random guessing
D
Only summarizing stories
Question 76Single Answer
Social surveys are generally:
A
Unstructured
B
Standardized to allow comparison
C
Fictional
D
Optional in all research
Question 77Single Answer
Research ethics include:
A
Coercion of participants
B
Ignoring privacy
C
Fabricating data
D
Voluntary participation and informed consent
Question 78Single Answer
Observation as a method is limited by:
A
Bias and subjectivity
B
Lack of data
C
Cost only
D
Randomization
Question 79Single Answer
Surveys provide:
A
Only lab data
B
Only qualitative stories
C
Large-scale quantitative or qualitative information
D
Only theoretical knowledge
Question 80Single Answer
Scientific research requires:
A
Random storytelling
B
Clear objectives and systematic methods
C
Imagination only
D
Speculation
Question 81Single Answer
Exploratory research helps in:
A
Formulating research problems and hypotheses
B
Ignoring theory
C
Random experiments
D
Secondary data only
Question 82Single Answer
Social surveys can be conducted:
A
Only in laboratories
B
Face-to-face, by mail, telephone, or online
C
Only by reading books
D
Only in historical archives
Question 83Single Answer
Systematic social research aims to:
A
Avoid analysis
B
Collect random stories
C
Entertain readers
D
Test hypotheses and build theory
Question 84Single Answer
Action research involves:
A
Observing without participation
B
Participants in problem-solving
C
Random guessing
D
Theoretical only
Question 85Single Answer
Longitudinal studies are useful to study:
A
Fictional data
B
Only current attitudes
C
Lab experiments
D
Social change over time
Question 86Single Answer
Cross-sectional studies are:
A
Repeated over time
B
Snapshot studies at one point in time
C
Only theoretical
D
Only lab experiments
Question 87Single Answer
Primary data collection methods include:
A
Census reports only
B
Observation, interview, questionnaire
C
Historical data
D
Literature review only
Question 88Single Answer
Secondary data collection includes:
A
Laboratory observations
B
Personal interviews
C
Field experiments
D
Official records, reports, previous research
Question 89Single Answer
Mixed methods research combines:
A
Qualitative and quantitative approaches
B
Only qualitative
C
Only quantitative
D
Theoretical only
Question 90Single Answer
Scientific social research ensures:
A
Randomness and guessing
B
Reproducibility and systematic analysis
C
Myths and superstitions
D
Fictional stories
Question 91Single Answer
A hypothesis is:
A
Historical record only
B
A proven fact
C
Random story
D
A tentative explanation to be tested
Question 92Single Answer
Exploratory research is mostly:
A
Flexible and unstructured
B
Strictly structured
C
Only quantitative
D
Only statistical
Question 93Single Answer
Descriptive research focuses on:
A
Explaining relationships among variables
B
Only theory
C
Describing characteristics of population
D
Random guessing
Question 94Single Answer
Explanatory research aims to:
A
Only describe phenomena
B
Explain why and how phenomena occur
C
Ignore causation
D
Speculate
Question 95Single Answer
Reliability refers to:
A
Randomness of measurement
B
Accuracy of historical data
C
Opinion-based data
D
Consistency of research results
Question 96Single Answer
Validity refers to:
A
Only numerical accuracy
B
Accuracy and truthfulness of measurement
C
Random observation
D
Opinion-based conclusions
Question 97Single Answer
Observation is limited by:
A
Data availability only
B
Time only
C
Observer bias and subjectivity
D
Sampling only
Question 98Single Answer
Interviews are useful for:
A
Secondary data collection
B
Counting population numbers
C
Collecting detailed personal experiences and opinions
D
Random sampling only
Question 99Single Answer
Questionnaires are useful for:
A
Historical analysis
B
Observing behavior only
C
Collecting standardized information from many respondents
D
Laboratory experiments
Question 100Single Answer
Scientific research in sociology is:
A
Fictional storytelling
B
Random and opinion-based
C
Based on superstition
D
Systematic, objective, and evidence-based
Question 101Single Answer
A good research problem is:
A
Vague and imaginative
B
Clear, specific, and researchable
C
Only theoretical
D
Random story
Question 102Single Answer
Literature review is conducted to:
A
Randomly collect data
B
Ignore previous work
C
Examine what is already known
D
Only summarize stories
Question 103Single Answer
Sampling is required to:
A
Study entire population always
B
Represent population with fewer resources
C
Avoid research
D
Randomly collect stories
Question 104Single Answer
Random sampling minimizes:
A
Reliability
B
Validity
C
Bias
D
Reproducibility
Question 105Single Answer
Stratified sampling ensures:
A
Representation of subgroups
B
Random guessing
C
Ignoring differences
D
Secondary data use
Question 106Single Answer
Systematic sampling selects:
A
Last unit only
B
Random units without order
C
Only the first unit
D
Units at regular intervals from a list
Question 107Single Answer
Cluster sampling is:
A
Selecting entire groups randomly
B
Selecting individuals randomly
C
Only qualitative
D
Only secondary data
Question 108Single Answer
Snowball sampling is useful for:
A
Laboratory experiments
B
Random populations
C
Hard-to-reach populations
D
Census only
Question 109Single Answer
Cross-sectional surveys study:
A
Only secondary data
B
Population over time
C
Only qualitative data
D
Population at one time
Question 110Single Answer
Longitudinal surveys study:
A
Only secondary data
B
Different populations randomly
C
Only qualitative data
D
Same population over time
Question 111Single Answer
Mixed methods research improves:
A
Depth and breadth of understanding
B
Only statistics
C
Only narrative
D
Only qualitative data
Question 112Single Answer
Experimental research involves:
A
Only observation
B
Manipulation of variables to study causal effects
C
Random guessing
D
Literature review
Question 113Single Answer
Observation can be:
A
Only participant
B
Only non-participant
C
Participant or non-participant
D
Only theoretical
Question 114Single Answer
Surveys are mostly:
A
Structured
B
Unstructured
C
Only narrative
D
Only qualitative
Question 115Single Answer
Scientific social research is:
A
Systematic, objective, and replicable
B
Random and imaginative
C
Only theoretical
D
Only opinion-based
Question 116Single Answer
Reliability ensures:
A
Subjective opinion
B
Random variation
C
Consistent results across measurements
D
Only validity
Question 117Single Answer
Validity ensures:
A
Measurement measures what it is supposed to
B
Random results
C
Only reliability
D
Guesswork
Question 118Single Answer
Ethical social research requires:
A
Ignoring participants
B
Coercion
C
Data fabrication
D
Informed consent, confidentiality, and voluntary participation
Question 119Single Answer
Primary data is:
A
Only qualitative
B
Data already collected
C
Firsthand data collected for research
D
Only secondary
Question 120Single Answer
Secondary data is:
A
Imaginary
B
Collected firsthand
C
Collected previously by others
D
Only experimental
Question 121Single Answer
Descriptive research answers:
A
“What is” questions
B
“Why” questions only
C
“How to” questions only
D
Random guesses
Question 122Single Answer
Explanatory research answers:
A
“Why” and “How” questions
B
“What” questions only
C
Random opinions
D
Only stories
Question 123Single Answer
Exploratory research is mostly:
A
Highly structured
B
Unstructured and flexible
C
Only quantitative
D
Only lab-based
Question 124Single Answer
Surveys can be:
A
Only lab-based
B
Online, telephone, mail, or face-to-face
C
Only books
D
Only observational
Question 125Single Answer
Questionnaires are:
A
Random stories
B
Observation tools only
C
Structured instruments for data collection
D
Interviews only
Question 126Single Answer
Interviews are useful for:
A
Literature review
B
Counting populations only
C
Secondary data only
D
Collecting in-depth qualitative or quantitative data
Question 127Single Answer
Observation method is limited by:
A
Observer bias
B
Sample size
C
Literature review
D
Secondary data
Question 128Single Answer
Scientific social research ultimately aims to:
A
Entertain
B
Generate reliable, valid, and generalizable knowledge about society
C
Speculate randomly
D
Avoid conclusions
Question 129Single Answer
What does objectivity in social research mean?
A
Research free from researcher bias
B
Research based on personal opinions
C
Research influenced by values
D
Research without any data
Question 130Single Answer
Value neutrality in social research refers to?
A
Ignoring ethical considerations
B
Conducting research without letting personal values affect findings
C
Avoiding statistical analysis
D
Only using qualitative methods
Question 131Single Answer
Which of the following can compromise objectivity in research?
A
Personal bias of the researcher
B
Systematic observation
C
Using reliable data sources
D
Ethical consent
Question 132Single Answer
Subjectivity in social research means?
A
Interpretation influenced by researcher’s perspective
B
Data collection is systematic
C
Research uses valid instruments
D
Research is value-neutral
Question 133Single Answer
Which is an example of researcher bias?
A
Random sampling
B
Reviewing literature
C
Using a structured questionnaire
D
Selectively reporting data to support one’s beliefs
Question 134Single Answer
Ethical issues in social research primarily deal with?
A
Ensuring theoretical clarity
B
Protecting rights, privacy, and welfare of participants
C
Improving statistical methods
D
Collecting secondary data
Question 135Single Answer
Informed consent means?
A
Consent is optional
B
Participants are unaware of the study
C
Researcher decides without informing participants
D
Participants agree to take part after being fully informed
Question 136Single Answer
Confidentiality in social research ensures?
A
Data is publicly published
B
Participants’ personal information is protected
C
Only numerical data is collected
D
Bias is introduced
Question 137Single Answer
Researcher bias can be reduced by?
A
Ignoring ethical guidelines
B
Using multiple researchers and triangulation
C
Relying on imagination
D
Avoiding data collection
Question 138Single Answer
Value-laden research may result in?
A
Findings influenced by researcher’s beliefs
B
Objective results
C
Increased validity
D
Ethical compliance
Question 139Single Answer
Which of the following is a common source of bias in social research?
A
Literature review
B
Objective measurement
C
Secondary data
D
Sampling errors
Question 140Single Answer
Hawthorne effect refers to?
A
Changes in participants’ behavior because they know they are being studied
B
Ethical violation
C
Researcher subjectivity
D
Value neutrality
Question 141Single Answer
Ethical social research requires avoiding?
A
Misrepresentation of data
B
Objective measurement
C
Literature review
D
Random sampling
Question 142Single Answer
What is researcher subjectivity?
A
Objectivity in data collection
B
Personal perspectives influencing data collection or interpretation
C
Statistical analysis
D
Use of secondary data
Question 143Single Answer
Plagiarism in social research is considered?
A
Optional
B
Standard practice
C
Neutral act
D
Ethical violation
Question 144Single Answer
Conflict of interest in research occurs when?
A
Researcher’s personal or financial interests influence the research
B
Sampling is random
C
Ethical guidelines are followed
D
Data is analyzed objectively
Question 145Single Answer
Which principle helps maintain neutrality in research?
A
Using structured instruments and standardized methods
B
Ignoring data analysis
C
Following personal beliefs
D
Avoiding sampling
Question 146Single Answer
Peer review in social research ensures?
A
Ignoring ethics
B
Biased findings
C
Random conclusions
D
Objectivity and quality of research
Question 147Single Answer
Research transparency refers to?
A
Random interpretation
B
Hiding sources
C
Avoiding literature
D
Clearly documenting methodology, data, and analysis
Question 148Single Answer
Bias can be introduced through?
A
Random sampling
B
Triangulation
C
Selective observation
D
Ethical compliance
Question 149Single Answer
Ethical review boards (IRB/IEC) are responsible for?
A
Literature review
B
Statistical analysis
C
Reviewing research proposals to ensure ethical compliance
D
Data collection only
Question 150Single Answer
Social desirability bias occurs when?
A
Data is recorded randomly
B
Participants respond in a way they think is socially acceptable
