Which bacteria are associated with nitrogen fixation?
A
Bacillus subtilis
B
Nitrosomonas
C
Pseudomonas
D
Rhizobium
Question 35Single Answer
Nitrification converts?
A
Ammonia to nitrates
B
Nitrates to nitrogen gas
C
Nitrogen gas to ammonia
D
Carbon to methane
Question 36Single Answer
Denitrification converts nitrates into?
A
Ammonia
B
Nitrites
C
Atmospheric nitrogen
D
Phosphates
Question 37Single Answer
Photosynthesis removes which gas from the atmosphere?
A
Nitrogen
B
Oxygen
C
Carbon dioxide
D
Hydrogen
Question 38Single Answer
Carbon is stored for long periods in?
A
Wind currents
B
Clouds
C
Rainwater only
D
Fossil fuels
Question 39Single Answer
Water movement from plants to atmosphere is called?
A
Evaporation
B
Transpiration
C
Condensation
D
Infiltration
Question 40Single Answer
Which process returns water vapor to liquid form?
A
Sublimation
B
Infiltration
C
Condensation
D
Percolation
Question 41Single Answer
Bioaccumulation refers to?
A
Build-up of substances in an organism over time
B
Loss of toxins from organisms
C
Nutrient recycling
D
Soil formation
Question 42Single Answer
Biomagnification refers to?
A
Increase in biodiversity
B
Increase in toxin concentration along trophic levels
C
Growth of microorganisms
D
Increase in rainfall
Question 43Single Answer
Which pollutant is a classic example of biomagnification?
A
Carbon dioxide
B
Nitrogen
C
Oxygen
D
DDT
Question 44Single Answer
Biomagnification is most severe in?
A
Producers
B
Top predators
C
Secondary consumers
D
Primary consumers
Question 45Single Answer
Mercury contamination is commonly associated with?
A
Biomagnification
B
Soil erosion
C
Nitrogen fixation
D
Weathering
Question 46Single Answer
Ecosystem services include?
A
All of the above
B
Nutrient cycling
C
Climate regulation
D
Pollination
Question 47Single Answer
Provisioning services of ecosystems include?
A
Soil formation
B
Recreation
C
Food and water
D
Climate regulation
Question 48Single Answer
Climate regulation is classified as?
A
Regulating service
B
Cultural service
C
Supporting service
D
Provisioning service
Question 49Single Answer
Recreational benefits from ecosystems are considered?
A
Production services
B
Provisioning services
C
Regulating services
D
Cultural services
Question 50Single Answer
Carrying capacity is?
A
Maximum population an environment can sustain
B
Total biomass of producers
C
Rate of decomposition
D
Number of food chains
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Concerned Subject
Question 51Single Answer
Carrying capacity is represented by which symbol in population ecology?
A
r
B
N
C
K
D
P
Question 52Single Answer
When a population exceeds carrying capacity, it generally experiences?
A
Unlimited growth
B
Population decline or stabilization
C
No change
D
Instant extinction
Question 53Single Answer
Which ecosystem generally has the highest primary productivity per unit area?
A
Tropical rainforest
B
Open ocean
C
Desert
D
Tundra
Question 54Single Answer
The study of interactions between organisms and environment is called?
A
Genetics
B
Ecology
C
Taxonomy
D
Physiology
Question 55Single Answer
A group of populations living together in an area forms a?
A
Community
B
Species
C
Ecosystem
D
Biome
Question 56Single Answer
The transition zone between two ecosystems is known as?
A
Biome
B
Habitat
C
Niche
D
Ecotone
Question 57Single Answer
Edge effect is most commonly associated with?
A
Ecotone
B
Desert
C
Tundra
D
Ocean trench
Question 58Single Answer
The place where an organism normally lives is called?
A
Niche
B
Community
C
Habitat
D
Ecotone
Question 59Single Answer
Functional role of a species in an ecosystem is known as?
A
Niche
B
Biome
C
Habitat
D
Ecotone
Question 60Single Answer
Which component converts solar energy into chemical energy?
A
Herbivores
B
Producers
C
Carnivores
D
Decomposers
Question 61Single Answer
Organisms feeding on dead organic matter are called?
A
Producers
B
Primary consumers
C
Detritivores
D
Parasites
Question 62Single Answer
Earthworms are examples of?
A
Producers
B
Carnivores
C
Detritivores
D
Secondary consumers
Question 63Single Answer
Which trophic level contains the least amount of energy?
A
Producers
B
Top consumers
C
Secondary consumers
D
Primary consumers
Question 64Single Answer
The major reservoir of phosphorus is?
A
Oceans and rocks
B
Atmosphere
C
Forests
D
Grasslands
Question 65Single Answer
Weathering of rocks contributes mainly to which cycle?
A
Nitrogen cycle
B
Phosphorus cycle
C
Carbon cycle
D
Oxygen cycle
Question 66Single Answer
Which gas constitutes about 78% of Earth’s atmosphere?
A
Nitrogen
B
Carbon dioxide
C
Oxygen
D
Argon
Question 67Single Answer
Nitrosomonas bacteria convert ammonia into?
A
Nitrite
B
Nitrate
C
Nitrogen gas
D
Urea
Question 68Single Answer
Nitrobacter bacteria convert nitrite into?
A
Nitrate
B
Nitrogen gas
C
Ammonia
D
Urea
Question 69Single Answer
Which process converts atmospheric nitrogen directly into nitrogen compounds by lightning?
A
Denitrification
B
Nitrification
C
Ammonification
D
Nitrogen fixation
Question 70Single Answer
Ammonification produces?
A
Ammonia
B
Nitrate
C
Oxygen
D
Carbon dioxide
Question 71Single Answer
Which process adds oxygen to the atmosphere?
A
Respiration
B
Photosynthesis
C
Combustion
D
Decomposition
Question 72Single Answer
The largest carbon reservoir among the following is?
A
Atmosphere
B
Grasslands
C
Living biomass
D
Oceans
Question 73Single Answer
Burning of fossil fuels primarily increases atmospheric?
A
Oxygen
B
Carbon dioxide
C
Nitrogen
D
Helium
Question 74Single Answer
Which ecosystem service includes nutrient cycling?
A
Provisioning service
B
Cultural service
C
Supporting service
D
Industrial service
Question 75Single Answer
Soil formation is an example of?
A
Supporting service
B
Cultural service
C
Regulating service
D
Provisioning service
Question 76Single Answer
Flood control by wetlands is an example of?
A
Regulating service
B
Cultural service
C
Provisioning service
D
Supporting service
Question 77Single Answer
Timber obtained from forests is a?
A
Supporting service
B
Cultural service
C
Regulating service
D
Provisioning service
Question 78Single Answer
Which ecosystem is characterized by standing water?
A
Lentic ecosystem
B
Lotic ecosystem
C
Desert ecosystem
D
Marine ecosystem
Question 79Single Answer
Rivers and streams are examples of?
A
Lentic ecosystems
B
Artificial ecosystems
C
Lotic ecosystems
D
Terrestrial ecosystems
Question 80Single Answer
The uppermost trophic level generally contains?
A
Apex predators
B
Herbivores
C
Producers
D
Decomposers
Question 81Single Answer
Which ecological pyramid can never be inverted?
A
Energy
B
Biomass
C
Numbers
D
Population
Question 82Single Answer
Energy lost between trophic levels is mainly in the form of?
A
Minerals
B
Water vapor only
C
Nitrogen
D
Heat
Question 83Single Answer
Green plants convert solar energy into?
A
Chemical energy
B
Wind energy
C
Nuclear energy
D
Mechanical energy
Question 84Single Answer
The rate of biomass production by consumers is called?
A
Secondary productivity
B
Primary productivity
C
Respiration
D
Assimilation efficiency
Question 85Single Answer
Which of the following is a terrestrial ecosystem?
A
Pond
B
Forest
C
Estuary
D
Lagoon
Question 86Single Answer
Mangroves are found in?
A
Alpine regions
B
Tundra regions
C
Deserts
D
Coastal intertidal zones
Question 87Single Answer
Estuaries are regions where?
A
Desert meets forest
B
Lake meets grassland
C
Mountain meets plain
D
River meets sea
Question 88Single Answer
The concentration of a toxic substance within a single organism is called?
A
Biomagnification
B
Bioaccumulation
C
Eutrophication
D
Succession
Question 89Single Answer
Biomagnification is most commonly observed for substances that are?
A
Easily degradable
B
Water soluble and short-lived
C
Nutrient rich
D
Persistent and fat soluble
Question 90Single Answer
Which heavy metal commonly undergoes biomagnification in aquatic food chains?
A
Mercury
B
Sodium
C
Iron
D
Calcium
Question 91Single Answer
Minamata disease was caused by poisoning from?
A
Lead
B
Mercury
C
Cadmium
D
Arsenic
Question 92Single Answer
Which trophic level receives energy directly from producers?
A
Secondary consumers
B
Tertiary consumers
C
Primary consumers
D
Decomposers
Question 93Single Answer
Ecological efficiency refers to?
A
Rate of decomposition
B
Species richness
C
Population density
D
Percentage of energy transferred between trophic levels
Question 94Single Answer
Ecosystem stability is enhanced by?
A
Reduced biodiversity
B
Food web complexity
C
Monoculture
D
Pollution
Question 95Single Answer
The term biodiversity refers to?
A
Variety of life forms
B
Number of ecosystems only
C
Number of plants only
D
Number of animals only
Question 96Single Answer
Which ecosystem generally has the lowest productivity?
A
Tropical rainforest
B
Desert
C
Coral reef
D
Estuary
Question 97Single Answer
Decomposition is fastest in?
A
Warm moist conditions
B
Cold dry conditions
C
Arctic regions
D
Deserts
Question 98Single Answer
Humus is formed as a result of?
A
Photosynthesis
B
Nitrogen fixation
C
Decomposition of organic matter
D
Weathering of rocks
Question 99Single Answer
The major role of decomposers in ecosystems is?
A
Pollination
B
Predation
C
Nutrient recycling
D
Nitrogen fixation only
Question 100Single Answer
Sustainable use of ecosystems primarily aims to?
A
Maintain ecosystem functions for future generations
B
Eliminate biodiversity
C
Maximize exploitation
D
Stop all human activities
Question 101Single Answer
Ecosystem resilience refers to?
A
Ability to recover after disturbance
B
Ability to resist all changes permanently
C
Total biomass production
D
Number of species present
Question 102Single Answer
Which ecosystem is known as the “lungs of the Earth”?
A
Desert
B
Tundra
C
Tropical rainforest
D
Grassland
Question 103Single Answer
The study of energy relationships in ecosystems is called?
A
Taxonomy
B
Ecological energetics
C
Genetics
D
Evolution
Question 104Single Answer
Which of the following is a secondary consumer?
A
Grass
B
Rabbit
C
Phytoplankton
D
Frog
Question 105Single Answer
The trophic level of a hawk feeding on a snake is generally?
A
First
B
Second
C
Third or fourth
D
Producer level
Question 106Single Answer
Producers are also known as?
A
Heterotrophs
B
Saprotrophs
C
Parasites
D
Autotrophs
Question 107Single Answer
Consumers are also known as?
A
Autotrophs
B
Reducers
C
Producers
D
Heterotrophs
Question 108Single Answer
Which organism acts as a decomposer?
A
Tiger
B
Eagle
C
Deer
D
Mushroom
Question 109Single Answer
The transfer of nutrients from dead organisms back to the environment is mainly carried out by?
A
Herbivores
B
Carnivores
C
Decomposers
D
Producers
Question 110Single Answer
Which ecological pyramid is expressed in kcal/m²/year?
A
Numbers
B
Biomass
C
Energy
D
Population
Question 111Single Answer
The base of an ecological pyramid consists of?
A
Producers
B
Decomposers
C
Top carnivores
D
Parasites
Question 112Single Answer
Which ecosystem covers the largest area on Earth?
A
Marine ecosystem
B
Grassland ecosystem
C
Forest ecosystem
D
Desert ecosystem
Question 113Single Answer
Phytoplankton are major producers in?
A
Desert ecosystems
B
Tundra ecosystems
C
Mountain ecosystems
D
Aquatic ecosystems
Question 114Single Answer
Zooplankton are generally classified as?
A
Producers
B
Decomposers
C
Primary consumers
D
Abiotic factors
Question 115Single Answer
Coral reefs are noted for?
A
Very low biodiversity
B
Absence of food chains
C
No productivity
D
High biodiversity
Question 116Single Answer
Which biome receives the least annual rainfall?
A
Desert
B
Temperate forest
C
Tropical rainforest
D
Grassland
Question 117Single Answer
Tundra ecosystems are characterized by?
A
High temperatures
B
Dense rainforests
C
Permafrost
D
Heavy monsoons
Question 118Single Answer
Which ecosystem is dominated by grasses?
A
Tundra
B
Mangrove
C
Grassland
D
Coral reef
Question 119Single Answer
A biome is?
A
A small pond
B
A food chain
C
A large ecological region with similar climate and organisms
D
A trophic level
Question 120Single Answer
Which factor primarily determines biome distribution?
A
Soil color only
B
Climate
C
Human population
D
Altitude only
Question 121Single Answer
The largest amount of available freshwater is stored in?
A
Glaciers and ice caps
B
Lakes
C
Groundwater
D
Rivers
Question 122Single Answer
The movement of water into the soil surface is called?
A
Evaporation
B
Infiltration
C
Condensation
D
Runoff
Question 123Single Answer
Water movement through soil layers is known as?
A
Percolation
B
Evaporation
C
Respiration
D
Condensation
Question 124Single Answer
Which process is responsible for cloud formation?
A
Condensation
B
Transpiration
C
Runoff
D
Infiltration
Question 125Single Answer
The major source of atmospheric oxygen is?
A
Combustion
B
Respiration
C
Photosynthesis
D
Volcanic eruptions
Question 126Single Answer
Which gas is released during respiration?
A
Oxygen
B
Nitrogen
C
Carbon dioxide
D
Hydrogen
Question 127Single Answer
Carbon dioxide acts as a?
A
Greenhouse gas
B
Noble gas
C
Inert gas
D
Radioactive gas
Question 128Single Answer
Which of the following is a greenhouse gas?
A
Methane
B
Nitrogen
C
Oxygen
D
Argon
Question 129Single Answer
Methane is produced in large amounts from?
A
Wetlands
B
Mountains
C
Deserts
D
Oceans only
Question 130Single Answer
Which process removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere naturally?
A
Decomposition
B
Respiration
C
Combustion
D
Photosynthesis
Question 131Single Answer
Excessive accumulation of nutrients in water bodies is called?
A
Biomagnification
B
Eutrophication
C
Desertification
D
Salinization
Question 132Single Answer
Eutrophication commonly results in?
A
Increased dissolved oxygen
B
Reduced nutrient levels
C
Algal blooms
D
Increased biodiversity only
Question 133Single Answer
Which nutrient is most commonly associated with eutrophication?
A
Calcium only
B
Potassium only
C
Nitrogen and phosphorus
D
Sulfur only
Question 134Single Answer
Excessive algal growth often leads to?
A
Reduced decomposition
B
Increased fish population
C
Oxygen depletion
D
Increased transparency
Question 135Single Answer
DDT belongs to which class of pollutants?
A
Biodegradable pollutants
B
Thermal pollutants
C
Radioactive pollutants
D
Persistent organic pollutants
Question 136Single Answer
Persistent organic pollutants are characterized by?
A
Long environmental persistence
B
Rapid degradation
C
High solubility in water only
D
Complete harmlessness
Question 137Single Answer
Which organism is most likely to contain the highest DDT concentration in a food chain?
A
Grass
B
Eagle
C
Frog
D
Grasshopper
Question 138Single Answer
Biomagnification mainly affects?
A
Lower trophic levels only
B
Higher trophic levels
C
Producers only
D
Decomposers only
Question 139Single Answer
Ecosystem valuation refers to?
A
Measuring only timber value
B
Counting species only
C
Measuring rainfall only
D
Assessing economic and ecological benefits
Question 140Single Answer
Direct ecosystem values include?
A
Aesthetic value only
B
Fuelwood and food resources
C
Climate regulation only
D
Nutrient cycling only
Question 141Single Answer
Indirect ecosystem values include?
A
Timber extraction
B
Fish harvest
C
Climate regulation
D
Crop sale
Question 142Single Answer
Option value of an ecosystem refers to?
A
Potential future use
B
Present use only
C
No use value
D
Market price only
Question 143Single Answer
Existence value means?
A
Value derived from harvesting resources
B
Value of knowing a resource exists
C
Value of transportation
D
Value of mining activities
Question 144Single Answer
Which ecosystem service helps in pollination of crops?
A
Regulating service
B
Provisioning service
C
Industrial service
D
Mining service
Question 145Single Answer
Natural pest control provided by predators is a?
A
Provisioning service
B
Cultural service
C
Regulating service
D
Supporting service only
Question 146Single Answer
Ecosystem carrying capacity depends on?
A
Available resources
B
Environmental conditions
C
Resource renewal rate
D
All of the above
Question 147Single Answer
Population growth slows as it approaches carrying capacity due to?
A
Unlimited resources
B
Absence of competition
C
Increased solar radiation
D
Environmental resistance
Question 148Single Answer
Logistic population growth occurs when?
A
Carrying capacity limits growth
B
Population grows without constraints
C
Resources are unlimited
D
No reproduction occurs
Question 149Single Answer
Exponential growth occurs under?
A
Limited resources
B
Stable carrying capacity
C
Ideal conditions with abundant resources
D
Severe competition
Question 150Single Answer
Sustainable ecosystem management aims to maintain?
