The displacement current was introduced by Maxwell to?
A
Eliminate magnetic field
B
Replace conduction current
C
Make Ampère’s law consistent with continuity equation
D
No reason
Question 2Single Answer
Gauge invariance means that?
A
Physical fields E and B remain unchanged under gauge transformation
B
Potentials remain unchanged
C
E changes
D
B changes
Question 3Single Answer
The Poynting vector S represents?
A
Current density
B
Momentum density
C
Charge density
D
Energy flux density of EM wave
Question 4Single Answer
The direction of Poynting vector S is?
A
Opposite to propagation
B
Direction of energy propagation (E × H)
C
No direction
D
Parallel to E
Question 5Single Answer
The EM spectrum ranges from?
A
No range
B
Only visible light
C
Only infrared
D
Radio waves to gamma rays
Question 6Single Answer
The order of increasing frequency in EM spectrum is?
A
Gamma = X-ray = UV = Visible = IR = Microwave = Radio
B
Radio = Microwave = IR = Visible = UV = X-ray = Gamma
C
Visible = UV = IR = Radio
D
No order
Question 7Single Answer
Maxwell’s equations predict that?
A
Light is an electromagnetic wave
B
Light is mechanical wave
C
No prediction
D
Light is longitudinal
Question 8Single Answer
The transverse nature of EM waves is shown by?
A
E parallel to B
B
E and B perpendicular to each other and to propagation direction
C
No perpendicularity
D
Longitudinal E and B
Question 9Single Answer
Displacement current was introduced to?
A
Eliminate magnetic field
B
Replace conduction current
C
Satisfy continuity equation for charge
D
No reason
Question 10Single Answer
In a charging capacitor, displacement current between plates is?
A
Opposite
B
Zero
C
Infinite
D
Equal to conduction current in wires
Question 11Single Answer
In Coulomb gauge, the vector potential A satisfies?
A
Wave equation
B
Poisson-like equation
C
No equation
D
Laplace equation
Question 12Single Answer
The EM spectrum in order of increasing frequency is?
A
Radio = Microwave = IR = Visible = UV = X-ray = Gamma
B
Gamma = X-ray = UV = Visible = IR = Microwave = Radio
C
Visible = IR = UV = Radio
D
No order
Question 13Single Answer
The wavelength range of visible light is approximately?
A
700 nm to 1 mm
B
10 nm to 400 nm
C
400 nm to 700 nm
D
1 pm to 10 nm
Question 14Single Answer
The Maxwell’s equations are invariant under?
A
Galilean transformation
B
Lorentz transformation
C
No transformation
D
Only rotation
Question 15Single Answer
The Poynting theorem describes?
A
Conservation of energy in EM fields
B
Conservation of momentum
C
No conservation
D
Charge conservation
Question 16Single Answer
The term J · E in Poynting theorem represents?
A
Power dissipated per unit volume (ohmic loss)
B
Stored energy
C
No power
D
Magnetic power
Question 17Single Answer
The radiation pressure for normal incidence on perfect absorber is?
A
0
B
2 I / c
C
I c
D
I / c
Question 18Single Answer
For perfect reflector, radiation pressure is?
A
2 I / c
B
I / c
C
0
D
I c
Question 19Single Answer
The Maxwell stress tensor describes?
A
No tensor
B
Energy flux
C
Charge flux
D
Momentum flux in EM field
Question 20Single Answer
The displacement current in Maxwell’s equations ensures?
A
Only conduction current
B
No continuity
C
Continuity of current in capacitor
D
Zero current
Question 21Single Answer
The Ampère-Maxwell law modifies?
A
No modification
B
Faraday’s law
C
Gauss’s law
D
Original Ampère’s law to include time-varying electric field
Question 22Single Answer
In vacuum, the ratio |E|/|B| for plane wave is?
A
1
B
1/c
C
c
D
c²
Question 23Single Answer
The energy is equally shared between?
A
Only magnetic field
B
Only electric field
C
Electric and magnetic fields in EM wave
D
No sharing
Question 24Single Answer
The EM spectrum is classified based on?
A
Wavelength or frequency
B
Only wavelength
C
Only energy
D
No classification
Question 25Single Answer
The visible light range in wavelength is?
A
1 pm–10 nm
B
10–400 nm
C
700 nm–1 mm
D
Approximately 400–700 nm
Question 26Single Answer
The microwave range is used in?
A
Medical imaging
B
Radar and communication
C
No use
D
Only heating
Question 27Single Answer
The gamma rays have?
A
Highest frequency and energy
B
Lowest frequency
C
No energy
D
Visible range
Question 28Single Answer
The Maxwell’s equations are?
A
Galilean invariant
B
Lorentz invariant
C
Not invariant
D
Only rotationally invariant
Question 29Single Answer
The gauge invariance allows us to?
A
Fix gauge
B
Change physics
C
Choose convenient gauge without changing physics
D
No choice
Question 30Single Answer
In Lorentz gauge, the potentials satisfy?
A
No equation
B
Laplace equation
C
Poisson equation only
D
Inhomogeneous wave equation
Question 31Single Answer
The retarded potentials are solution of?
A
Coulomb gauge
B
Lorentz gauge wave equation
C
No solution
D
Static case
Question 32Single Answer
The EM wave is?
A
Self-sustaining (changing E produces B and changing B produces E)
B
Not self-sustaining
C
Only electric
D
Only magnetic
Question 33Single Answer
The speed of light c is?
A
Depends on medium
B
Fundamental constant from Maxwell’s equations
C
Zero
D
Infinite
Question 34Single Answer
The direction of S is?
A
Direction of propagation
B
Opposite to propagation
C
No direction
D
Perpendicular to propagation
Question 35Single Answer
The Maxwell stress tensor T_ij represents?
A
No tensor
B
Energy flux
C
Charge flux
D
Momentum flux density
Question 36Single Answer
The displacement current is essential for?
A
Propagation of EM waves
B
No propagation
C
Static fields only
D
DC circuits
Question 37Single Answer
The symmetry between E and B in Maxwell’s equations is broken by?
A
No symmetry
B
Presence of sources (charges and currents)
C
Vacuum only
D
No break
Question 38Single Answer
In radiation problems, the convenient gauge is?
A
Temporal gauge
B
Coulomb gauge
C
Lorentz gauge
D
No gauge
Question 39Single Answer
The Coulomb gauge is useful for?
A
Wave propagation
B
Static or quasi-static problems
C
No use
D
Relativistic problems
Question 40Single Answer
The retarded time ensures?
A
Future effect
B
No causality
C
Instantaneous action
D
Causality (effect after cause)
Question 41Single Answer
The EM wave carries?
A
Only energy
B
Energy, momentum, and angular momentum
C
Only momentum
D
No quantity
Question 42Single Answer
The Maxwell’s equations are?
A
No foundation
B
Only for statics
C
Only for magnetostatics
D
The foundation of classical electrodynamics
Question 43Single Answer
The prediction of EM waves by Maxwell led to?
A
Only theory
B
No discovery
C
Discovery of light as EM wave by Hertz
D
No prediction
Question 44Single Answer
Poynting’s theorem is a direct consequence of which Maxwell’s equations?
A
Faraday’s law and Ampere-Maxwell law
B
Gauss’s laws only
C
Gauss’s law for magnetism only
D
Continuity equation alone
Question 45Single Answer
Poynting’s theorem expresses conservation of?
A
Electromagnetic energy
B
Linear momentum
C
Charge
D
Angular momentum
Question 46Single Answer
Radiation pressure on a perfectly absorbing surface for intensity I is?
A
2I/c
B
I/c
C
I c
D
I/(2
Question 47Single Answer
Radiation pressure on a perfectly reflecting surface is?
A
I/c
B
2I/c
C
Zero
D
I c / 2
Question 48Single Answer
Radiation pressure physically results from?
A
Momentum transfer by electromagnetic waves
B
Change in electric energy density
C
Magnetic Lorentz force alone
D
Charge acceleration
Question 49Single Answer
In crossed static E and B fields (no currents), Poynting vector indicates?
A
Zero energy flow
B
Circulatory energy flow with zero net loss
C
Real dissipation
D
Radiation
Question 50Single Answer
The direction of Poynting vector is always?
A
Parallel to E
B
Perpendicular to both E and H
C
Parallel to propagation in plane waves
D
Opposite to B
Important Questions Package
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Concerned Subject (Physics)
Question 51Single Answer
Poynting vector in electrostatics is?
A
Always zero
B
Can be non-zero even in static crossed fields
C
Non-zero only if currents present
D
Proportional to J
Question 52Single Answer
The energy flow in a coaxial cable carrying DC current is described by Poynting vector pointing?
A
Along the axis inside conductor
B
Zero
C
Radially outward
D
Radially inward toward inner conductor
Question 53Single Answer
Force on surface due to radiation pressure equals rate of change of?
A
Energy
B
Charge
C
Momentum
D
Flux
Question 54Single Answer
For standing electromagnetic wave, time-averaged Poynting vector is?
A
Zero
B
Non-zero
C
Equal to incident
D
Twice incident
Question 55Single Answer
In a resistor carrying steady current, Poynting vector points?
A
Inward toward resistor
B
Outward from resistor
C
Along current
D
Zero
Question 56Single Answer
Radiation pressure on absorber = ? (in terms of momentum density)
A
g c
B
2 g c
C
g / c
D
2 g / c
Question 57Single Answer
In relativistic electromagnetism, field momentum helps explain?
A
Both A and B
B
Radiation reaction force
C
Lorentz force
D
Hidden momentum in static systems
Question 58Single Answer
For perfect conductor surface, tangential component of?
A
S is zero
B
E is zero
C
Both A and B
D
H is zero
Question 59Single Answer
Energy velocity in electromagnetic wave equals?
A
Poynting vector / energy density
B
Phase velocity
C
c in vacuum
D
Group velocity
Question 60Single Answer
In non-dispersive media, energy transport velocity is?
A
c/n
B
c
C
Equal to c
D
Zero
Question 61Single Answer
Poynting vector for TEM wave in transmission line points?
A
Along line
B
Perpendicular to conductors
C
Into dielectric
D
Zero
Question 62Single Answer
In Faraday cage, inside Poynting vector for external fields is?
A
Zero
B
Non-zero
C
Infinite
D
Opposite
Question 63Single Answer
Compton effect demonstrates radiation?
A
Momentum
B
Energy
C
Charge
D
Spin
Question 64Single Answer
Nicholas Umov and John Henry Poynting independently worked on?
A
Displacement current
B
Radiation pressure
C
Lorentz transformation
D
Energy flow vector
Question 65Single Answer
Stefan-Boltzmann law relates intensity to?
A
Temperature
B
Energy density
C
Radiation pressure
D
Momentum flux
Question 66Single Answer
In solar sail, force is maximum when surface is?
A
Perfectly reflecting normal incidence
B
Absorbing
C
Transparent
D
Diffuse
Question 67Single Answer
Poynting vector vanishes in?
A
Electrostatics alone
B
Magnetostatics alone
C
Pure induction fields without sources
D
Static crossed E and B
Question 68Single Answer
In DC circuit with battery and resistor, energy flows through?
A
Space around wires
B
Wires
C
Battery only
D
Resistor surface
Question 69Single Answer
In good conductor, skin effect makes Poynting vector?
A
Normal to surface
B
Parallel to surface
C
Zero
D
Along current
Question 70Single Answer
Radiation pressure used in?
A
Optical tweezers
B
Laser cooling
C
Solar sails
D
All of above
Question 71Single Answer
Momentum flux of EM wave equals?
A
Intensity × c
B
Intensity / c
C
Energy density
D
Pressure
Question 72Single Answer
For circularly polarized wave, time-averaged S is?
A
Zero
B
Non-zero along propagation
C
Rotating
D
Double
Question 73Single Answer
Poynting theorem applies to?
A
Vacuum only
B
Linear media
C
General electromagnetic fields
D
Static fields only
Question 74Single Answer
In waveguide, Poynting vector has?
A
Transverse and longitudinal
B
Longitudinal component only
C
Zero longitudinal
D
Zero
Question 75Single Answer
Radiation pressure on mirror = 2I/c when?
A
Diffuse
B
Oblique
C
Polarized
D
Normal incidence
Question 76Single Answer
In cavity radiation, pressure supports?
A
Black body radiation law
B
Stefan’s law
C
Wien’s law
D
All
Question 77Single Answer
For EM wave incident on conductor, absorbed power related to?
A
Imaginary part
B
Real part of Poynting vector
C
Zero
D
Normal component
Question 78Single Answer
Poynting vector theorem is analogous to?
A
Ampere circuital law
B
Gauss theorem
C
Work-energy theorem
D
Faraday induction
Question 79Single Answer
In free space, speed of energy transport = ?
A
c/n
B
Phase velocity
C
Group velocity
D
c
Question 80Single Answer
For evanescent wave in total internal reflection, time-averaged S = ?
A
Non-zero
B
Zero in rarer medium
C
Parallel to interface
D
Infinite
Question 81Single Answer
Poynting vector helps explain torque in?
A
Magnetic dipole in field
B
Angular momentum of field
C
Electric dipole
D
Linear momentum
Question 82Single Answer
Poynting vector in inductor (Ac) shows energy?
A
Dissipated
B
Oscillating in and out
C
Zero
D
Constant
Question 83Single Answer
Radiation pressure measurement first by?
A
Maxwell
B
Poynting
C
Nichols and Hull
D
Einstein
Question 84Single Answer
In EM theory, light pressure first predicted by?
A
Maxwell
B
Newton
C
Kepler
D
Euler
Question 85Single Answer
For plane wave normally incident on interface, transmitted power fraction related to?
A
Reflection coefficient
B
Poynting vector continuity
C
Zero
D
Both
Question 86Single Answer
In Faraday rotation, Poynting vector?
A
Zero
B
Rotates
C
Unaffected
D
Changes magnitude
Question 87Single Answer
Energy flow in surface plasmon polariton is?
A
Zero
B
Perpendicular
C
Along interface
D
Opposite
Question 88Single Answer
Poynting theorem valid in?
A
SI units only
B
CGS units
C
Any consistent units
D
Relativistic only
Question 89Single Answer
In relativistic form, Poynting theorem part of?
A
Energy-momentum tensor conservation
B
Maxwell equations
C
Lorentz force
D
Gauge invariance
Question 90Single Answer
For monochromatic spherical wave, intensity falls as?
A
Both
B
Poynting vector ~ 1/r²
C
1/r²
D
1/r
Question 91Single Answer
In antenna theory, radiated power = ?
A
Zero
B
Input power
C
Stored energy
D
Surface integral of Poynting vector
Question 92Single Answer
Radiation reaction force related to?
A
Self Poynting vector flow
B
Momentum loss
C
Both
D
None
Question 93Single Answer
In perfect reflector, change in momentum per unit time = ?
A
Zero
B
I/c
C
2I/c per area
D
I
Question 94Single Answer
Poynting vector theorem first stated by?
A
Heinrich Hertz
B
Oliver Heaviside
C
John Henry Poynting (1884)
D
James Clerk Maxwell
Question 95Single Answer
In time-varying but non-radiating near field, S can be?
A
Reactive (oscillatory)
B
Real
C
Zero
D
Infinite
Question 96Single Answer
In dispersive media, energy velocity may differ from?
A
Phase velocity
B
Group velocity
C
Both
D
c
Question 97Single Answer
Poynting vector in chiral media can have?
A
Longitudinal component
B
Only transverse
C
Zero
D
Infinite
Question 98Single Answer
For black hole accretion disk, radiation pressure supports?
A
Both
B
Jet formation
C
Against gravity
D
None
Question 99Single Answer
In metamaterials with negative index, Poynting vector direction is?
A
Perpendicular
B
Same
C
Zero
D
Opposite to wave vector
Question 100Single Answer
Poynting theorem can be used to derive?
A
Joule heating law
B
Radiation intensity
C
None
D
Both
Question 101Single Answer
In optical fibers, TIR is responsible for?
A
Signal loss
B
Attenuation
C
Dispersion
D
Light confinement in core
Question 102Single Answer
The acceptance angle of an optical fiber depends on?
A
Numerical aperture
B
Core refractive index only
C
Cladding thickness
D
Fiber length
Question 103Single Answer
Dispersion of light by a prism occurs because?
A
Refractive index varies with wavelength
B
Reflection varies with color
C
TIR depends on wavelength
D
Polarization changes
Question 104Single Answer
Blue color of sky is due to?
A
Rayleigh scattering
B
Refraction
C
Reflection
D
Mie scattering
Question 105Single Answer
Reddish appearance of sun at sunrise/sunset is because?
A
Longer wavelengths scattered more
B
Shorter wavelengths scattered more
C
No scattering
D
Absorption
Question 106Single Answer
Huygens' principle states that every point on a wavefront acts as?
A
Source of secondary wavelets
B
Absorber of light
C
Reflector
D
Polarizer
Question 107Single Answer
Using Huygens' principle, law of reflection can be proved for?
A
Spherical wavefront
B
Plane wavefront
C
Cylindrical wavefront
D
Any wavefront
Question 108Single Answer
In YDSE, if slit separation d is doubled, fringe width becomes?
A
Double
B
Quadruple
C
Same
D
Half
Question 109Single Answer
Central fringe in YDSE is?
A
Colored
B
Dark
C
Bright
D
Absent
Question 110Single Answer
Resolving power of a telescope depends on?
A
Magnification
B
Focal length
C
Aperture diameter
D
Wavelength only
Question 111Single Answer
Rayleigh criterion for resolution states two points are just resolved when central maximum of one falls on?
A
Central maximum of other
B
First minimum of other
C
Second minimum
D
Zero intensity
Question 112Single Answer
At Brewster’s angle, reflected light is?
A
Completely polarized
B
Partially polarized
C
Unpolarized
D
Circularly polarized
Question 113Single Answer
In Rayleigh scattering, blue light scatters more than red because?
A
Both
B
Higher frequency
C
Shorter wavelength
D
Longer path
Question 114Single Answer
Huygens' construction for refraction shows change in?
A
Wavelength and speed
B
Frequency
C
Amplitude
D
Phase only
Question 115Single Answer
In YDSE with white light, central fringe is?
A
Violet
B
Black
C
White
D
Red
Question 116Single Answer
If screen is moved away in YDSE, fringe width?
A
Increases
B
Decreases
C
Remains same
D
Becomes zero
Question 117Single Answer
In single slit diffraction, intensity at first minimum is?
A
Maximum
B
Zero
C
About 1/22 of central
D
Half central
Question 118Single Answer
According to Malus’ law, maximum transmission occurs when angle between polarizer and analyzer is?
A
45°
B
90°
C
0°
D
180°
Question 119Single Answer
For concave mirror, focal length is?
A
Negative in sign convention
B
Positive
C
Zero
D
Infinite
Question 120Single Answer
Optical fiber core has refractive index ? cladding
A
Equal to
B
Less than
C
Greater than
D
Zero
Question 121Single Answer
Sky appears violet at higher altitudes because?
A
Less scattering of blue
B
More Rayleigh scattering
C
No atmosphere
D
Dust
Question 122Single Answer
Huygens' principle fails to explain?
A
Interference
B
Polarization
C
Diffraction
D
Reflection
Question 123Single Answer
In YDSE, if one slit is closed, pattern becomes?
A
Single slit diffraction
B
No fringes
C
Same interference
D
Bright spot
Question 124Single Answer
At Brewster’s angle, refracted ray is?
A
Completely polarized perpendicular
B
Unpolarized
C
Partially polarized
D
Same as incident
Question 125Single Answer
Glare reduction by polaroids works best for?
A
All
B
Vertically polarized
C
Circular
D
Horizontally polarized reflected light
Question 126Single Answer
Net dispersion in achromatic doublet is?
A
Maximum
B
Zero
C
Minimum
D
Infinite
Question 127Single Answer
Rayleigh scattering explains?
A
Rainbow
B
Why sun looks red at sunset
C
Mirage
D
Twinkling
Question 128Single Answer
Huygens' secondary wavelets are?
A
Backward also
B
Spherical
C
Forward only in isotropic media
D
Plane
Question 129Single Answer
Single slit central maximum width is twice?
A
Distance to first minimum
B
Fringe width YDSE
C
Slit width
D
Wavelength
Question 130Single Answer
Resolving power of eye is limited by?
A
Diffraction at pupil
B
Lens aberration
C
All
D
Retina size
Question 131Single Answer
Brewster’s law confirms light is?
A
Longitudinal
B
Transverse wave
C
Particle
D
Neither
Question 132Single Answer
Polaroid is used in?
A
LCD screens
B
Sunglasses
C
All
D
Photography filters
Question 133Single Answer
Sign convention for lenses (Cartesian): object distance u is?
A
Positive
B
Negative
C
Zero
D
Variable
Question 134Single Answer
For convex lens, real image when object beyond?
A
2f
B
f
C
Infinity
D
Between f and 2f
Question 135Single Answer
Minimum deviation for prism occurs at?
A
Normal incidence
B
Grazing incidence
C
Symmetric passage
D
90°
Question 136Single Answer
Huygens' principle used to explain?
A
Rectilinear propagation
B
Reflection/refraction laws
C
Both
D
Polarization
Question 137Single Answer
In YDSE with monochromatic light, fringes are?
A
Absent
B
Unequal
C
Colored
D
Equally spaced
Question 138Single Answer
At polarizing angle, reflected + refracted rays are?
A
45°
B
Parallel
C
Perpendicular
D
90° apart in direction
Question 139Single Answer
Malus’ law verified using?
A
Nicol prism
B
One polaroid
C
Two polaroids
D
Quarter wave plate
Question 140Single Answer
Polaroid reduces glare by transmitting?
A
Parallel component
B
Component perpendicular to glare plane
C
All
D
None
Question 141Single Answer
In optical fiber, modal dispersion occurs in?
A
Single mode
B
Multimode fibers
C
Graded index
D
All
Question 142Single Answer
In Fraunhofer diffraction (single slit), pattern is?
A
Fresnel
B
Near field
C
At infinity or focal plane
D
Geometric
Question 143Single Answer
Polaroids in 3D glasses use?
A
Orthogonal polarization for each eye
B
Same
C
Circular
D
Linear only
Question 144Single Answer
Why no violet sky?
A
Both
B
Eye less sensitive to violet
C
Violet scattered but absorbed more
D
None
Question 145Single Answer
Huygens' for spherical wavefront gives?
A
Polarization
B
Plane wave
C
No diffraction
D
Inverse square law
Question 146Single Answer
Polarization by reflection maximum at?
A
45°
B
Normal
C
Brewster angle
D
Grazing
Question 147Single Answer
Polaroid in photography lens hood reduces?
A
Both
B
Flare
C
Glare from reflections
D
Exposure
Question 148Single Answer
The most fundamental use of polaroids in daily life is reducing?
A
Heat
B
UV radiation
C
Glare from reflective surfaces like roads and water
D
Sound
Question 149Single Answer
The human eye forms images using which structure as the primary lens?
