According to Marx, the main driver of societal change is?
A
Class struggle
B
Religion
C
Education
D
Technology
Question 3Single Answer
Marx described alienation as?
A
Separation of workers from the products of their labor
B
Social harmony in society
C
Division of labor in families
D
Bureaucratic authority
Question 4Single Answer
Marx mode of production consists of?
A
Forces of production and relations of production
B
Religion and morality
C
Bureaucracy and law
D
Education and culture
Question 5Single Answer
Class struggle is primarily between?
A
Bourgeoisie and proletariat
B
Landlords and peasants
C
Teachers and students
D
Government and citizens
Question 6Single Answer
Durkheim defines social facts as?
A
Ways of acting, thinking, and feeling external to the individual
B
Economic inequalities
C
Political revolutions
D
Religious rituals only
Question 7Single Answer
Durkheim Division of Labour studies?
A
How labor specialization affects social cohesion
B
Alienation of workers
C
Bureaucracy efficiency
D
Religious beliefs
Question 8Single Answer
Durkheim explains suicide as?
A
A social fact influenced by social integration and regulation
B
Purely individual psychology
C
Class struggle result
D
Bureaucratic failure
Question 9Single Answer
According to Durkheim, religion serves?
A
To maintain social cohesion and collective consciousness
B
To create economic inequality
C
As a source of class struggle
D
To develop bureaucracy
Question 10Single Answer
Max Weber social action refers to?
A
Actions to which individuals attach subjective meaning
B
Social laws governing labor
C
Class-based rebellion
D
Religious rituals exclusively
Question 11Single Answer
Weber ideal types are?
A
Analytical constructs to understand social reality
B
Universal moral standards
C
Historical facts only
D
Classes in conflict
Question 12Single Answer
Weber classifies authority into?
A
Traditional, Charismatic, and Legal-Rational
B
Economic and Political only
C
Religious and Secular only
D
Class-based and Caste-based only
Question 13Single Answer
Weber concept of bureaucracy emphasizes?
A
Hierarchy, rules, and impersonal authority
B
Social cohesion and integration
C
Class struggle
D
Religious ethics only
Question 14Single Answer
“The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” links?
A
Religious values to economic behavior
B
Bureaucracy to socialism
C
Division of labor to alienation
D
Suicide to social regulation
Question 15Single Answer
Marx Historical Materialism sees history as?
A
The development of human society through material conditions
B
Driven by ideas only
C
Controlled by religion
D
Random events
Question 16Single Answer
Alienation in Marx theory affects?
A
Workers’ relationship with labor, product, self, and others
B
Bureaucrats only
C
Religious leaders
D
Social integration exclusively
Question 17Single Answer
Durkheim study of suicide shows?
A
Social factors shape individual behavior
B
It is purely personal choice
C
A result of economic inequality only
D
Bureaucratic decisions
Question 18Single Answer
Division of labor according to Durkheim?
A
Promotes solidarity through specialization
B
Causes class struggle
C
Creates alienation only
D
Produces bureaucracy
Question 19Single Answer
Weber distinguishes social action based on?
A
Instrumental, value-rational, affective, and traditional motives
B
Class and caste
C
Economic status only
D
Religious beliefs only
Question 20Single Answer
Marx sees economic base as?
A
The foundation shaping society superstructure
B
The set of religious beliefs
C
Bureaucracy rules
D
Individual actions
Question 21Single Answer
Marx believed that capitalism leads to?
A
Exploitation and alienation of labor
B
Social cohesion
C
Moral consensus
D
Bureaucracy efficiency
Question 22Single Answer
Durkheim concept of anomie refers to?
A
Breakdown of social norms leading to deviance
B
Alienation of workers
C
Bureaucratic inefficiency
D
Charismatic authority
Question 23Single Answer
Durkheim categorized suicide into?
A
Egoistic, altruistic, anomic, and fatalistic types
B
Economic and political types
C
Class-based only
D
Bureaucratic only
Question 24Single Answer
Weber legal-rational authority relies on?
A
Formal rules and procedures
B
Charisma of leaders
C
Religious sanction only
D
Class struggle
Question 25Single Answer
Marx considers class consciousness as?
A
Awareness of one class position and collective interests
B
Religious belief
C
Division of labor outcome
D
Bureaucratic function
Question 26Single Answer
Marx superstructure includes?
A
Politics, law, religion, and ideology
B
Division of labor
C
Suicide types
D
Social action
Question 27Single Answer
Durkheim sacred and profane distinction belongs to?
A
Religion and society
B
Bureaucracy
C
Class struggle
D
Alienation
Question 28Single Answer
Weber charismatic authority depends on?
A
Exceptional personal qualities of a leader
B
Legal rules
C
Social norms only
D
Economic class
Question 29Single Answer
Marx saw private property as?
A
A source of class exploitation
B
Social integration
C
Moral consensus
D
Religious institution
Question 30Single Answer
Durkheim moral regulation is necessary to?
A
Prevent deviance and maintain social order
B
Promote capitalism
C
Encourage alienation
D
Create bureaucracy
Question 31Single Answer
Marx emphasized the role of which class in revolutionary change?
A
Proletariat
B
Bourgeoisie
C
Clergy
D
Intellectual elite
Question 32Single Answer
Weber study of bureaucracy highlights?
A
Rationality, efficiency, and formal rules
B
Class struggle
C
Religious ethics
D
Alienation
Question 33Single Answer
Marx described exploitation as?
A
Surplus labor extracted by capitalists from workers
B
Religious devotion
C
Social cohesion
D
Bureaucratic control
Question 34Single Answer
Durkheim believed society exists?
A
Independently of individual consciousness
B
Only in individual minds
C
Only as class struggle
D
Through bureaucracy only
Question 35Single Answer
Weber concept of the Protestant Ethic stresses?
A
Religious values influencing economic behavior
B
Division of labor in society
C
Alienation of workers
D
Social integration
Question 36Single Answer
Marx considered religion as?
A
The opium of the people
B
A social fact maintaining cohesion
C
Rational authority
D
Ideal type
Question 37Single Answer
Durkheim studied social cohesion through?
A
Division of labor and collective conscience
B
Class struggle only
C
Bureaucracy only
D
Alienation
Question 38Single Answer
Weber saw rationalization as?
A
Organizing social life based on reason and rules
B
Class struggle
C
Social integration
D
Religious ritual
Question 39Single Answer
Marx theory of alienation includes separation from?
A
Product, labor, self, and fellow workers
B
Religion only
C
Law only
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 40Single Answer
Durkheim collective conscience refers to?
A
Shared beliefs and moral attitudes of a society
B
Bureaucratic rules
C
Class struggle
D
Alienation of workers
Question 41Single Answer
Weber distinguished social classes based on?
A
Wealth, prestige, and power
B
Religion only
C
Bureaucracy only
D
Alienation only
Question 42Single Answer
Marx historical materialism sees ideas as?
A
Products of material conditions
B
Independent of society
C
Purely religious
D
Bureaucratic tools
Question 43Single Answer
Durkheim classified societies as?
A
Mechanical and organic solidarity
B
Capitalist and socialist only
C
Bureaucratic only
D
Industrial only
Question 44Single Answer
Weber studied authority to understand?
A
Sources of legitimacy in society
B
Division of labor only
C
Alienation only
D
Collective conscience
Question 45Single Answer
Marx considered the proletariat as?
A
Revolutionary class
B
Religious class
C
Bureaucrats only
D
Middle class only
Question 46Single Answer
Durkheim study of social facts emphasizes?
A
External constraints on individual behavior
B
Class struggle only
C
Bureaucracy only
D
Alienation
Question 47Single Answer
Weber value-rational action is guided by?
A
Ethical, religious, or cultural values
B
Class struggle
C
Bureaucratic rules
D
Collective conscience
Question 48Single Answer
Marx base-superstructure model explains?
A
How economic structure shapes politics, law, and ideology
B
Social cohesion only
C
Suicide types only
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 49Single Answer
Durkheim emphasized that religion creates?
A
Moral community and social solidarity
B
Alienation
C
Bureaucratic hierarchy
D
Class conflict
Question 50Single Answer
Weber saw the spirit of capitalism as influenced by?
A
Protestant ethics
B
Division of labor
C
Collective conscience
D
Class struggle
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Concerned Subject (Sociology)
Question 51Single Answer
Marx concept of class consciousness refers to?
A
Awareness of one social class and collective interests
B
Division of labor in society
C
Religious beliefs
D
Bureaucratic rules
Question 52Single Answer
Marx considered the bourgeoisie as?
A
Owners of the means of production
B
Workers
C
Religious leaders
D
Bureaucrats
Question 53Single Answer
According to Marx, capitalism inevitably produces?
A
Exploitation and alienation of workers
B
Social cohesion
C
Moral consensus
D
Bureaucratic efficiency
Question 54Single Answer
Durkheim social facts are characterized by?
A
Externality and coercive power over individuals
B
Personal choice only
C
Economic transactions
D
Class struggle
Question 55Single Answer
Durkheim studied suicide to show?
A
Social regulation and integration influence individual behavior
B
Individual psychology exclusively
C
Class struggle
D
Bureaucratic control
Question 56Single Answer
Marx idea of alienation includes separation from?
A
Product, labor, self, and fellow workers
B
Religion only
C
Bureaucracy only
D
Class consciousness
Question 57Single Answer
Weber ideal types are?
A
Analytical constructs to compare and understand social reality
B
Moral standards
C
Class structures only
D
Division of labor
Question 58Single Answer
Weber social action is guided by?
A
Subjective meanings attached by individuals
B
Class struggle exclusively
C
Division of labor
D
Religious laws
Question 59Single Answer
Weber distinguishes authority as?
A
Traditional, Charismatic, and Legal-Rational
B
Economic and Political
C
Bureaucratic only
D
Social action only
Question 60Single Answer
Marx saw private property as?
A
A source of exploitation
B
Social integration
C
Religious institution
D
Bureaucracy
Question 61Single Answer
Marx historical materialism emphasizes?
A
Material conditions shaping history
B
Ideas shaping society only
C
Bureaucracy rules
D
Religion only
Question 62Single Answer
Durkheim study of division of labor shows?
A
Specialization promotes social solidarity
B
Class struggle only
C
Alienation only
D
Bureaucracy
Question 63Single Answer
Durkheim considered religion as?
A
A source of social cohesion and moral guidance
B
Alienation
C
Bureaucracy
D
Class conflict
Question 64Single Answer
Marx viewed class struggle as?
A
The engine of historical change
B
Religious conflict
C
Bureaucratic hierarchy
D
Moral consensus
Question 65Single Answer
Marx superstructure includes?
A
Politics, law, religion, ideology
B
Social cohesion
C
Suicide types
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 66Single Answer
Weber concept of bureaucracy highlights?
A
Hierarchy, rules, and impersonal authority
B
Alienation
C
Class struggle
D
Social solidarity
Question 67Single Answer
Weber charismatic authority relies on?
A
Exceptional personal qualities
B
Legal rules
C
Religious sanction only
D
Class status
Question 68Single Answer
Weber Protestant Ethic links?
A
Religious beliefs with economic behavior
B
Division of labor with solidarity
C
Alienation with capitalism
D
Bureaucracy with efficiency
Question 69Single Answer
Marx alienation includes alienation from?
A
Work, product, self, and society
B
Bureaucracy
C
Religion
D
Moral norms
Question 70Single Answer
Marx considered labor under capitalism as?
A
Exploited and dehumanizing
B
Socially cohesive
C
Morally guided
D
Bureaucratic
Question 71Single Answer
Durkheim defines collective conscience as?
A
Shared beliefs and moral values in society
B
Bureaucratic rules
C
Class conflict
D
Alienation
Question 72Single Answer
Durkheim suicide study shows influence of?
A
Social integration and regulation
B
Individual choice only
C
Economic inequality only
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 73Single Answer
Marx argued capitalism produces?
A
Class exploitation and social inequality
B
Social cohesion
C
Moral consensus
D
Bureaucracy
Question 74Single Answer
Weber rational-legal authority depends on?
A
Formal rules and procedures
B
Charismatic leader
C
Traditional beliefs
D
Class struggle
Question 75Single Answer
Durkheim mechanical solidarity exists in?
A
Homogeneous societies
B
Industrial societies
C
Capitalist societies
D
Bureaucratic organizations
Question 76Single Answer
Durkheim organic solidarity exists in?
A
Complex societies with division of labor
B
Tribal societies
C
Simple societies
D
Religious communities only
Question 77Single Answer
Weber social action can be?
A
Instrumental, value-rational, affective, or traditional
B
Economic only
C
Religious only
D
Bureaucratic only
Question 78Single Answer
Marx emphasized proletariat must achieve?
A
Class consciousness
B
Bureaucracy
C
Moral consensus
D
Collective conscience
Question 79Single Answer
Marx mode of production includes?
A
Forces and relations of production
B
Religious ethics
C
Social solidarity
D
Bureaucratic rules
Question 80Single Answer
Weber studied bureaucracy to understand?
A
Rational organization of society
B
Class conflict
C
Alienation
D
Suicide
Question 81Single Answer
Marx viewed surplus value as?
A
Value produced by labor beyond wages appropriated by capitalists
B
Moral obligation
C
Social solidarity
D
Bureaucratic authority
Question 82Single Answer
Durkheim study of religion emphasized?
A
Cohesion and shared beliefs
B
Class exploitation
C
Alienation
D
Bureaucracy
Question 83Single Answer
Weber argued capitalism was influenced by?
A
Protestant ethic
B
Mechanical solidarity
C
Alienation
D
Division of labor
Question 84Single Answer
Marx historical materialism emphasizes?
A
Material conditions shape history
B
Ideas shape history independently
C
Religion is primary driver
D
Bureaucracy alone
Question 85Single Answer
Durkheim considered social norms as?
A
Regulating individual behavior
B
Producing alienation
C
Class struggle
D
Bureaucratic rules only
Question 86Single Answer
Weber charismatic authority is based on?
A
Personal qualities of leader
B
Legal rules
C
Religion only
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 87Single Answer
Marx alienation arises from?
A
Workers losing control over labor and products
B
Bureaucratic rules
C
Moral consensus
D
Religious devotion
Question 88Single Answer
Durkheim social integration ensures?
A
Cohesion and regulation of behavior
B
Alienation
C
Class struggle
D
Bureaucratic efficiency
Question 89Single Answer
Marx superstructure is shaped by?
A
Economic base
B
Religious ethics
C
Social cohesion only
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 90Single Answer
Durkheim anomie can result in?
A
Deviance and social instability
B
Class consciousness
C
Bureaucratic efficiency
D
Protestant ethics
Question 91Single Answer
Marx saw capitalism leading to?
A
Alienation of labor
B
Moral consensus
C
Collective conscience
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 92Single Answer
Weber studied authority to understand?
A
Sources of legitimacy
B
Alienation
C
Division of labor only
D
Collective conscience
Question 93Single Answer
Marx emphasized class struggle as?
A
Historical driver of change
B
Bureaucratic process
C
Religious ritual
D
Moral consensus
Question 94Single Answer
Durkheim mechanical solidarity is based on?
A
Similarity and shared values
B
Division of labor
C
Alienation
D
Bureaucracy
Question 95Single Answer
Durkheim organic solidarity arises from?
A
Interdependence due to division of labor
B
Shared beliefs
C
Class struggle
D
Religious hierarchy
Question 96Single Answer
Durkheim defined social facts as?
A
Ways of acting, thinking, and feeling external to the individual
B
Individual choices
C
Class interests
D
Bureaucratic rules
Question 97Single Answer
Durkheim classified societies into?
A
Mechanical and organic solidarity
B
Capitalist and socialist
C
Industrial and post-industrial
D
Bureaucratic only
Question 98Single Answer
Mechanical solidarity is found in?
A
Homogeneous societies with shared beliefs
B
Complex industrial societies
C
Bureaucracies only
D
Religious sects
Question 99Single Answer
According to Durkheim, the division of labor promotes?
A
Social cohesion and interdependence
B
Alienation of workers
C
Bureaucratic control
D
Class conflict
Question 100Single Answer
The division of labor can also lead to?
A
Anomie in modern societies
B
Increased religious devotion
C
Classless society
D
Social facts
Question 101Single Answer
Durkheim studied suicide to illustrate?
A
Social causes of individual behavior
B
Bureaucratic failure
C
Alienation
D
Religious morality
Question 102Single Answer
Durkheim categorized suicide into how many types?
A
Four types
B
Two types
C
Three types
D
Five types
Question 103Single Answer
Egoistic suicide occurs due to?
A
Low social integration
B
Excessive regulation
C
Class struggle
D
Bureaucratic rules
Question 104Single Answer
Altruistic suicide occurs due to?
A
Excessive integration into social group
B
Bureaucratic control
C
Low regulation
D
Class conflict
Question 105Single Answer
Anomic suicide arises from?
A
Low regulation in society
B
High social cohesion
C
Excessive bureaucracy
D
Shared moral values
Question 106Single Answer
Fatalistic suicide occurs due to?
A
Excessive regulation and oppression
B
Low social integration
C
Economic wealth
D
Bureaucratic inefficiency
Question 107Single Answer
Collective conscience refers to?
A
Shared norms, values, and beliefs in society
B
Bureaucratic hierarchy
C
Individual choices
D
Economic interests
Question 108Single Answer
Social cohesion is maintained by?
A
Collective conscience
B
Individual preferences
C
Bureaucratic rules only
D
Alienation
Question 109Single Answer
Durkheim believed that religion serves to?
A
Reinforce social cohesion and moral values
B
Increase alienation
C
Promote class struggle
D
Regulate bureaucracy
Question 110Single Answer
The sacred and profane distinction in religion indicates?
A
Sacred things inspire awe; profane are mundane
B
Economic wealth
C
Bureaucracy
D
Division of labor
Question 111Single Answer
Religion according to Durkheim functions to?
A
Maintain social solidarity
B
Create alienation
C
Promote bureaucracy
D
Encourage class conflict
Question 112Single Answer
Collective representations in religion are?
A
Symbols expressing collective beliefs
B
Bureaucratic rules
C
Alienated labor
D
Individual preferences
Question 113Single Answer
Moral regulation is necessary to?
A
Prevent deviance and maintain order
B
Exploit workers
C
Promote bureaucracy
D
Encourage economic gain
Question 114Single Answer
Social integration refers to?
A
Degree of attachment to society
B
Class exploitation
C
Bureaucratic rules
D
Division of labor efficiency
Question 115Single Answer
Social regulation refers to?
A
Rules that constrain individual behavior
B
Personal preferences
C
Bureaucratic efficiency
D
Alienation
Question 116Single Answer
Division of labor in primitive societies is?
A
Minimal, promoting mechanical solidarity
B
Extensive, promoting organic solidarity
C
Bureaucratic
D
Religious
Question 117Single Answer
Division of labor in modern societies is?
A
Extensive, promoting organic solidarity
B
Minimal, promoting mechanical solidarity
C
Religious only
D
Bureaucratic only
Question 118Single Answer
According to Durkheim, social facts are?
A
General over the entire society
B
Individual only
C
Economic only
D
Religious only
Question 119Single Answer
Social facts exert influence through?
A
Coercion over individual behavior
B
Personal choice
C
Bureaucracy only
D
Religion only
Question 120Single Answer
Durkheim method of studying society is?
A
Scientific and empirical
B
Philosophical only
C
Religious intuition
D
Bureaucratic analysis
Question 121Single Answer
Moral density is?
A
Frequency and intensity of social interactions
B
Bureaucratic efficiency
C
Religious rituals
D
Division of labor
Question 122Single Answer
Inorganic solidarity is another term for?
A
Organic solidarity
B
Mechanical solidarity
C
Religious cohesion
D
Class struggle
Question 123Single Answer
Law in mechanical societies is?
A
Repressive law
B
Restitutive law
C
Civil law
D
Religious law only
Question 124Single Answer
Law in organic societies is?
A
Restitutive law
B
Repressive law
C
Religious law only
D
Customary law
Question 125Single Answer
Social norms are examples of?
A
Social facts
B
Individual preferences
C
Bureaucratic procedures
D
Religious rituals only
Question 126Single Answer
Durkheim emphasized empirical research for studying?
A
Society scientifically
B
Religion only
C
Class struggle only
D
Bureaucracy only
Question 127Single Answer
Religion strengthens social cohesion through?
A
Rituals and shared beliefs
B
Alienation
C
Bureaucracy
D
Class conflict
Question 128Single Answer
Durkheim “Rules of Sociological Method” emphasizes?
A
Treat social facts as things
B
Personal morality only
C
Bureaucracy only
D
Religion only
Question 129Single Answer
Collective conscience decreases in which society?
A
Complex, modern societies
B
Tribal societies
C
Religious communities only
D
Mechanical societies
Question 130Single Answer
Collective conscience is stronger in?
A
Mechanical societies
B
Modern societies
C
Bureaucracies
D
Religious elites
Question 131Single Answer
Suicide rates are influenced by?
A
Social integration and regulation
B
Personal wealth only
C
Bureaucracy
D
Religion exclusively
Question 132Single Answer
Egoistic suicide is common in?
A
Individualistic societies
B
Highly regulated societies
C
Mechanical societies
D
Bureaucracies only
Question 133Single Answer
Altruistic suicide is common in?
A
Highly integrated groups
B
Individualistic societies
C
Bureaucracies
D
Capitalist societies
Question 134Single Answer
Anomic suicide occurs during?
A
Social or economic upheaval
B
Strong moral regulation
C
Mechanical solidarity
D
Rituals only
Question 135Single Answer
Fatalistic suicide occurs under?
A
Excessive regulation and oppression
B
Weak social norms
C
Economic crisis
D
Organic solidarity
Question 136Single Answer
Durkheim linked division of labor with?
A
Social solidarity
B
Alienation
C
Bureaucracy
D
Religion only
Question 137Single Answer
Social cohesion is measured by?
A
Strength of collective conscience
B
Bureaucratic efficiency
C
Economic growth
D
Class struggle
Question 138Single Answer
Durkheim argued society is?
A
More than the sum of individuals
B
Individual choices only
C
Bureaucracy only
D
Religion only
Question 139Single Answer
Division of labor improves efficiency and?
A
Interdependence among individuals
B
Alienation
C
Class struggle
D
Bureaucratic control
Question 140Single Answer
Religion is a social institution that?
A
Reinforces collective conscience
B
Increases individual alienation
C
Creates bureaucracy
D
Promotes class conflict
Question 141Single Answer
Durkheim emphasized empirical study of society to?
A
Understand social facts scientifically
B
Promote religion only
C
Study bureaucracy only
D
Study alienation only
Question 142Single Answer
According to Durkheim, rituals are important because?
A
They reinforce collective beliefs and social cohesion
B
They create alienation
C
They increase bureaucracy
D
They generate class conflict
Question 143Single Answer
Durkheim viewed the division of labor as necessary for?
A
Maintaining social order and cohesion
B
Creating class conflict
C
Encouraging individualism only
D
Increasing bureaucracy
Question 144Single Answer
Social facts can be studied scientifically because they are?
A
External to the individual and measurable
B
Personal choices only
C
Religious beliefs only
D
Bureaucratic rules
Question 145Single Answer
Durkheim mechanical solidarity is based on?
A
Similarity of individuals’ beliefs and lifestyles
B
Division of labor
C
Bureaucracy
D
Religious rituals only
Question 146Single Answer
Organic solidarity arises from?
A
Interdependence due to specialization of labor
B
Shared beliefs only
C
Class conflict
D
Bureaucracy
Question 147Single Answer
According to Durkheim, anomie occurs when?
A
Social norms break down
B
Collective conscience is strong
C
Mechanical solidarity is dominant
D
Bureaucracy is efficient
Question 148Single Answer
Egoistic suicide results from?
A
Weak social integration
B
Excessive social regulation
C
Division of labor
D
Bureaucratic hierarchy
Question 149Single Answer
Altruistic suicide occurs when?
A
Individuals are excessively integrated into a group
B
Society is unregulated
C
Class struggle is high
D
Bureaucracy dominates
Question 150Single Answer
Anomic suicide is caused by?
A
Sudden social or economic change leading to low regulation
