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Latest UPSC Environment and Ecology Exam Question (Objective Questions), MCQ in English

Subjects : Environment & Ecology

Question Bank UPSC Environment and Ecology - English
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Environment & Ecology

Question 1Single Answer
Ecology is the study of?
  1. A
    Human societies
  2. B
    Interactions between organisms and their environment
  3. C
    Chemical reactions
  4. D
    Geological formations
Question 2Single Answer
The term "ecology" was coined by?
  1. A
    Charles Darwin
  2. B
    Alexander von Humboldt
  3. C
    Ernst Haeckel
  4. D
    Carl Linnaeus
Question 3Single Answer
The basic unit of ecology is?
  1. A
    Population
  2. B
    Organism
  3. C
    Community
  4. D
    Ecosystem
Question 4Single Answer
Which level of ecological organization includes all living and non-living components in an area?
  1. A
    Population
  2. B
    Community
  3. C
    Biome
  4. D
    Ecosystem
Question 5Single Answer
A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area is called?
  1. A
    Community
  2. B
    Ecosystem
  3. C
    Population
  4. D
    Biome
Question 6Single Answer
The collection of all populations of different species in a given area is called?
  1. A
    Community
  2. B
    Population
  3. C
    Ecosystem
  4. D
    Biosphere
Question 7Single Answer
Which term describes the area where two ecosystems meet?
  1. A
    Habitat
  2. B
    Niche
  3. C
    Ecotone
  4. D
    Biome
Question 8Single Answer
The role and position a species has in its ecosystem is called?
  1. A
    Habitat
  2. B
    Biome
  3. C
    Niche
  4. D
    Trophic level
Question 9Single Answer
Habitat refers to?
  1. A
    The place where a species lives
  2. B
    The role of a species in an ecosystem
  3. C
    Interactions among species
  4. D
    Energy flow in ecosystem
Question 10Single Answer
Biomes are primarily classified based on?
  1. A
    Temperature and precipitation
  2. B
    Latitude
  3. C
    Soil type
  4. D
    Human population
Question 11Single Answer
Which of the following is a terrestrial biome?
  1. A
    Coral reef
  2. B
    Estuary
  3. C
    Mangrove
  4. D
    Desert
Question 12Single Answer
Which of the following is an aquatic biome?
  1. A
    Freshwater lake
  2. B
    Grassland
  3. C
    Tundra
  4. D
    Savanna
Question 13Single Answer
The biosphere refers to?
  1. A
    The part of Earth where life exists
  2. B
    Only aquatic zones
  3. C
    Only land areas
  4. D
    The atmosphere only
Question 14Single Answer
An organism’s environment includes?
  1. A
    Only other organisms
  2. B
    Both living and non-living factors
  3. C
    Only climate
  4. D
    Only soil type
Question 15Single Answer
The interaction between species in which both benefit is called?
  1. A
    Parasitism
  2. B
    Predation
  3. C
    Mutualism
  4. D
    Competition
Question 16Single Answer
In parasitism, the parasite?
  1. A
    Kills its host immediately
  2. B
    Benefits at the expense of the host
  3. C
    Both species benefit
  4. D
    Has no effect on the host
Question 17Single Answer
Predation is an interaction in which?
  1. A
    One organism eats another
  2. B
    Both species are harmed
  3. C
    Both species benefit
  4. D
    One species competes with another
Question 18Single Answer
Competition occurs when?
  1. A
    Species do not interact
  2. B
    One species kills another
  3. C
    Both species benefit
  4. D
    Two species share the same niche
Question 19Single Answer
A species that plays a critical role in maintaining ecosystem structure is called?
  1. A
    Keystone species
  2. B
    Dominant species
  3. C
    Invasive species
  4. D
    Endemic species
Question 20Single Answer
Species confined to a particular geographical area are called?
  1. A
    Migratory species
  2. B
    Exotic species
  3. C
    Invasive species
  4. D
    Endemic species
Question 21Single Answer
Organisms that make their own food from sunlight are called?
  1. A
    Herbivores
  2. B
    Autotrophs
  3. C
    Carnivores
  4. D
    Decomposers
Question 22Single Answer
Organisms that consume other organisms for energy are called?
  1. A
    Autotrophs
  2. B
    Heterotrophs
  3. C
    Saprophytes
  4. D
    Producers
Question 23Single Answer
Decomposers play an important role by?
  1. A
    Producing energy
  2. B
    Eating live animals
  3. C
    Breaking down dead organic matter
  4. D
    Competing for resources
Question 24Single Answer
Which of the following is a primary consumer?
  1. A
    Lion
  2. B
    Grasshopper
  3. C
    Eagle
  4. D
    Mushroom
Question 25Single Answer
Which of the following is a tertiary consumer?
  1. A
    Grass
  2. B
    Rabbit
  3. C
    Hawk
  4. D
    Bacteria
Question 26Single Answer
Ecological succession is?
  1. A
    Sudden destruction of habitat
  2. B
    Gradual change in species composition over time
  3. C
    Seasonal migration
  4. D
    Extinction of species
Question 27Single Answer
Primary succession occurs on?
  1. A
    Estuary
  2. B
    Existing soil
  3. C
    Coral reef
  4. D
    Bare rock
Question 28Single Answer
Secondary succession occurs on?
  1. A
    Newly formed land
  2. B
    Areas previously inhabited
  3. C
    Ocean floor
  4. D
    Glacier surface
Question 29Single Answer
Climax community refers to?
  1. A
    Initial colonizers of an area
  2. B
    Pioneer species
  3. C
    Transitional species
  4. D
    Stable community at the end of succession
Question 30Single Answer
Pioneer species in primary succession are usually?
  1. A
    Trees
  2. B
    Birds
  3. C
    Large mammals
  4. D
    Mosses and lichens
Question 31Single Answer
The zone of maximum biodiversity in an ecosystem is usually?
  1. A
    Rainforest
  2. B
    Desert
  3. C
    Tundra
  4. D
    Polar region
Question 32Single Answer
Ecotone is characterized by?
  1. A
    Low species diversity
  2. B
    Presence of only one species
  3. C
    Absence of species
  4. D
    High species diversity and transitional features
Question 33Single Answer
Edge effect in ecology refers to?
  1. A
    Loss of species at the edge of ecosystem
  2. B
    Predation by humans
  3. C
    Only abiotic changes
  4. D
    Greater diversity at ecotone
Question 34Single Answer
Trophic levels represent?
  1. A
    Geographical location
  2. B
    Successional stages
  3. C
    Migration patterns
  4. D
    Feeding position in a food chain
Question 35Single Answer
Energy flow in an ecosystem is?
  1. A
    Circular
  2. B
    Random
  3. C
    Unidirectional
  4. D
    Absent
Question 36Single Answer
The amount of energy captured by producers is called?
  1. A
    Secondary Productivity
  2. B
    Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
  3. C
    Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
  4. D
    Biomass
Question 37Single Answer
NPP is calculated as?
  1. A
    GPP + Respiration
  2. B
    None of the above
  3. C
    Only respiration
  4. D
    GPP - Respiration
Question 38Single Answer
Which biome has the highest NPP?
  1. A
    Desert
  2. B
    Tropical rainforest
  3. C
    Tundra
  4. D
    Savannah
Question 39Single Answer
Which biome has the lowest NPP?
  1. A
    Desert
  2. B
    Tropical rainforest
  3. C
    Temperate forest
  4. D
    Grassland
Question 40Single Answer
Biomass pyramid usually shows?
  1. A
    Population only
  2. B
    Energy content at each trophic level
  3. C
    Migration rate
  4. D
    Soil fertility
Question 41Single Answer
In a pyramid of numbers, the producers usually?
  1. A
    Are always smaller in number
  2. B
    Are equal to primary consumers
  3. C
    Are always larger in number
  4. D
    Cannot be determined
Question 42Single Answer
A carnivore that eats both herbivores and other carnivores is called?
  1. A
    Primary consumer
  2. B
    Secondary consumer
  3. C
    Omnivore
  4. D
    Tertiary consumer
Question 43Single Answer
Omnivores eat?
  1. A
    Only plants
  2. B
    Both plants and animals
  3. C
    Only animals
  4. D
    Decomposed matter only
Question 44Single Answer
Saprophytes feed on?
  1. A
    Living animals
  2. B
    Green plants
  3. C
    Dead organic matter
  4. D
    Water
Question 45Single Answer
Biogeochemical cycles describe?
  1. A
    Movement of elements through living and non-living components
  2. B
    Energy flow
  3. C
    Migration patterns
  4. D
    Successional changes
Question 46Single Answer
The carbon cycle involves which main processes?
  1. A
    Migration
  2. B
    Erosion and sedimentation
  3. C
    Photosynthesis and respiration
  4. D
    Predation
Question 47Single Answer
Nitrogen fixation is carried out by?
  1. A
    Fungi
  2. B
    Nitrifying bacteria
  3. C
    Herbivores
  4. D
    Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Question 48Single Answer
Denitrification is performed by?
  1. A
    Photosynthetic bacteria
  2. B
    Plants
  3. C
    Denitrifying bacteria
  4. D
    Herbivores
Question 49Single Answer
Phosphorus cycle does not include?
  1. A
    Aquatic phase
  2. B
    Soil phase
  3. C
    Sedimentary rocks
  4. D
    Atmospheric phase
Question 50Single Answer
Ecological pyramid representing energy is?
  1. A
    Always inverted
  2. B
    Always upright
  3. C
    Sometimes upright, sometimes inverted
  4. D
    Circular
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