Subject Related Question (Botany, Zoology, Chemistry & Child Psychology and Development, Pedagogy, Teaching-Learning Processes)
Part 1
Concerned Subject :
1. Botany:
i. Cell Biology: Ultrastructure of cell, cell organelles (structure and function), cell division (mitosis and meiosis), cell cycle.
ii. Plant Anatomy: Tissues (meristematic and permanent), anatomy of root, stem, and leaf (dicot and monocot).
iii. Plant Physiology: Photosynthesis (light and dark reactions, factors affecting), respiration (aerobic and anaerobic), plant growth regulators (auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene), mineral nutrition, water relations.
iv. Reproduction in Plants: Flower structure, pollination (types, agents), fertilization (double fertilization), seed and fruit formation.
v. Genetics: Mendel's laws of inheritance, deviations from Mendelism, chromosomal theory of inheritance, DNA replication, transcription, translation (brief overview).
vi. Diversity in Plants: Classification of plant kingdom (major groups like Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms - salient features and examples).
vii. Economic Botany: Important medicinal plants, food crops, fiber crops.
viii. Ecology: Basic concepts of ecosystem, ecological succession, population interaction, environmental issues (pollution, biodiversity conservation).
2. Zoology:
i. Animal Diversity: Classification of non-chordates (major phyla - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata) and chordates (major classes - Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia) - salient features and examples.
ii. Animal Tissues: Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues - types, structure, and functions.
Human Physiology:
i. Digestion and Absorption: Alimentary canal, digestive glands, digestion of food.
ii. Breathing and Exchange of Gases: Respiratory organs, mechanism of breathing, transport of gases.
iii. Body Fluids and Circulation: Blood composition, blood groups, heart structure, circulation (double circulation), blood vessels.
iv. Excretory Products and their Elimination: Excretory organs, urine formation, regulation.
v. Locomotion and Movement: Muscles (types, mechanism of contraction), skeletal system (bones, joints).
vi. Neural Control and Coordination: Nervous system (CNS, PNS), brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs.
vii. Chemical Coordination and Integration: Endocrine glands, hormones, their functions.
viii. Reproduction: Human reproductive systems, gametogenesis, menstrual cycle, fertilization, embryonic development (basic).
ix. Human Health and Diseases: Common human diseases (bacterial, viral, protozoan, fungal), immunity (innate, acquired), common drug abuse.
x. Genetics: Chromosomal theory of inheritance, genetic disorders, human genome project (basic concepts).
xi. Evolution: Basic concepts of evolution, theories of evolution (Lamarckism, Darwinism), evidence of evolution.
3. Chemistry:
i. Basic Concepts of Chemistry: Atomic structure (Bohr's model, quantum numbers, electronic configuration), classification of elements and periodicity in properties, chemical bonding and molecular structure (ionic, covalent, metallic bonds, VSEPR, hybridisation), mole concept, stoichiometry, balancing equations.
ii. States of Matter: Gaseous state (gas laws, kinetic theory), liquid state (vapor pressure, surface tension, viscosity), solid state (crystalline and amorphous solids, crystal lattices, unit cells).
iii. Solutions: Types of solutions, concentration units, colligative properties.
iv. Chemical Thermodynamics: First and second laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy, spontaneity.
v. Equilibrium: Chemical equilibrium (Law of Mass Action, Le Chatelier's principle), ionic equilibrium (acids, bases, salts, pH, buffer solutions).
vi. Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry: Oxidation and reduction, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions, electrochemical cells, Nernst equation, batteries, corrosion.
vii. Chemical Kinetics: Rate of reaction, factors affecting rate, order and molecularity of reaction, integrated rate equations.
viii. Surface Chemistry: Adsorption, catalysis, colloids.
ix. General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements (Metallurgy): Basic principles.
x. p-Block Elements: General trends and important compounds of Groups 13-18.
xi. d- and f-Block Elements: General characteristics, important compounds (KMnO4, K2Cr2O7).
xii. Coordination Compounds: Werner's theory, nomenclature, isomerism, bonding (VBT, CFT - basic).
xiii. Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques: IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism, electronic displacements (inductive, resonance, hyperconjugation), types of organic reactions.
xiv. Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (preparation, properties, reactions).
xv. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes: Preparation, properties, reactions.
xvi. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers: Preparation, properties, reactions.
xvii. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Preparation, properties, reactions.
xviii. Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen: Amines, Cyanides, Isocyanides, Nitro compounds (basic).
xix. Biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Vitamins (structure, classification, biological functions).
xx. Polymers: Classification, types of polymerization, important polymers and their uses.
xxi. Chemistry in Everyday Life: Drugs and medicines (analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants), food additives (preservatives, artificial sweeteners), cleansing agents (soaps, detergents).
xxii. Environmental Chemistry: Pollution (air, water, soil), green chemistry principles.
4. Child Psychology and Development, Pedagogy, Teaching-Learning Processes:
Child Development:
i. Concepts of development and its relation with learning.
ii. Principles of child development.
iii. Influence of Heredity & Environment.
iv. Stages of child development (Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence) and their characteristics.
v. Theories of child development (Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson, Vygotsky).
vi. Individual differences, Intelligence, Creativity.
vii. Gender as a social construct; gender roles in the classroom, gender-bias, and educational practices.
Pedagogy:
i. Meaning and Principles of Pedagogy.
ii. Teaching Methods and Approaches (Lecture, Demonstration, Project, Cooperative Learning, Problem Solving, Inquiry-based learning, Constructivist approach).
iii. Models of Teaching.
iv. Lesson Planning: Objectives, Strategies, Teaching Aids (Audio-Visual, ICT, Multimedia).
v. Classroom Management: Discipline, Motivation, Reinforcement.
vi. Inclusive Education: Understanding children with special needs, catering to diverse socio-cultural backgrounds.
vii. Assessment and Evaluation: Formative vs. Summative, Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE), Feedback & Remediation.
Teaching-Learning Processes:
i. Learning Theories (Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism).
ii. Factors affecting learning (Attention, Memory, Transfer of Learning).
iii. Role of Teacher and Learner.
iv. National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Key principles, aims, and implications for teaching and learning.
v. Right to Education (RTE) Act.
vi. National Curriculum Framework (NCF).
vii. Problems of teaching Science subjects.
Part 2:
