UNIT-I: Geographic Thought:
a. Development of Geographical thought in ancient period.
b. Contribution of German and French schools in the development of modern geography.
c. Contribution of British and American schools in geography.
d. Dualism in Geography: Physical and Human, Systematic and Regional geography.
e. Determinism and Possibilism; Paradigm shift; Perspectives in geography (positivism, behaviouralism, idealism, humanism and postmordenism)
UNIT-II: Geomorphology.
a. Fundamental concepts; Endogenetic and Exogenetic forces.
b. Denudation process; weathering and erosion.
c. Geosynclines; Wegner's continental drift theory and plate tectonics.
d. Concept of Geomoraphic cycle of W. M. Davis. and W. Penck;
e. Landforms associated with fluvial, glacial, arid, coastal and karst cycles.
UNIT-III: Climatology:
a. Composition and structure of the atmosphere; Insolation; Heat budget of the earth, Distribution of temperature.
b. Atmospheric pressure and general circulation of winds; Planetary and Local winds; ENSO Events (El Nino, La Nina and Southern Oscillations).
c. Air mass, Fronts, Tropical and Temperate cyclones.
d. Classification of world climates: Koppen and Thornthwaite schemes, Types and distribution of precipitation.
e. Ozone depletion; Global Warming, Environmental hazards (Thunderstorms, Hailstrom, Heat cold waves, Flood and drought).
UNIT-IV: Oceanography:
a. Oceanic bottom relief - Indian, Atlantic and Pacific ocean.
b. Ocean deposits; Occan Resources.
c. Coral reefs: origin and types.
d. Temperature and Salinity of oceans; Density of sea water.
e. Tides and Oceanic currents.
UNIT-V: Population Geography; Settlement Geography:
a. Population Geography Patterns of world distribution of population, Growth of population; Fertility and Mortality analysis.
b. Demographic transition; Patterns and process of migration; Population policy
c. Population-resource regions; Cultural realms.
d. Settlement Geography- City-region, Primate city; Rank-size rule; ecological process of urban growth; Urban fringe.
e. Settlement hierarchy, Central place theory: Christaller and Losch.
UNIT-VI: Political Geography, Regional Planning and Development:
a. Political Geography: Heartland and Rimland theories.
b. Geographic elements of State: Physical, human and economic; Frontiers and boundaries.
c. Geo-political significance of Indian ocean, Inter-State issues and major water disputes in India.
d. Regional planning and development: Concept of planning regions; Methods of regional delineation; Types of regions.
e. Indicators of development; Sustainable development; Regional planning in India
UNIT-VII: Economic Geography:
a. Sectors of Economy: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. Measurement of agricultural productivity and efficiency. Crop combination and diversification; Von Thunen's model; Agricultural systems of the world.
b. Natural Resources: renewal and non-renewal; Conservation of resources.
c. Industrial Localisation, Weber's and Losch's approaches.
d. Resource-based and Footloose industries.
e. Modes of Transportation and transport cost; Accossibility and connectivity
UNIT-VIII: Geography of India:
a. Physiographic divisions.
b. Climate- Its regional variations; Monsoon and Jet streams.
c. Vegetation types and vegetation regions; Agricultural resources: major crops.
d. Mineral and Power resources.
e. Major industries and Industrial regions.
UNIT-IX: Cartography:
a. Map as a tool in geographical studies. Types of maps; Scaling techniques; Rank score; Weighted score; Flow maps; Nearest neighbour analysis; Sampling techniques for geographical analysis.
b. Statistical diagrams; Projections and their types.
c. Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS); Digital maping, Computer application in mapping.
d. Statistical methods: Measures of central tendency, Measures of dispersion: standard deviation.
e. Simple and Multiple Correlation; Regression.
UNIT-X: Geography of Madhya Pradesh:
a. Physiographic divisions, Soil and its types; Major rivers.
b. Pattern of rainfall, Agricultural resources- irrigation and major crops.
c. Mineral and Energy resources.
d. Major industries- Cement, Paper, Chemical, and Aluminum.
e. Population; Geographical regions of Madhya Pradesh Narmada valley, Malwa plateau, Bundelkhand plateau, Baghelkhand plateau, Madhya Bharat plateau
